Reading Part 1

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use any heading more than once.
Each statement can be used ONCE only. There are TWO extra statements which you do not need to use.
Mark your answers on the answer sheet.

List of Headings

1. 
   how new employees are used in a company
   
2. 
   women and Japanese companies
   
3. 
   why men sometimes resign from Japanese companies
   
4. 
   permanency in employment in Japan
   
5. 
   recruiting season: who, when and where
   
6. 
   the social aspect of work
   
7. 
   the salary structure
   
8. 
   the recruitment strategy of foreign firms
   
9. 
   Japanese people after retirement
   

14. 
    Paragraph I
    
15. 
    Paragraph II
    
16. 
    Paragraph III
    
17. 
    Paragraph IV
    
18. 
    Paragraph V
    
19. 
    Paragraph VI
    

Employment in Japan

I Every autumn, when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins, major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time, they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students, as their whole lives may be determined during this period
II In Japan, lifetime employment is commonly practised by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for sub-contractors do not, in general, enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies, there is a general expectation
that employees will, in fact, remain more or less permanently in the same job.

3. 
   Unlike in many Western countries where companies employ people whose skills can be effective immediately, Japanese companies select applicants with potential who can be trained to become suitable employees. For this reason, recruiting employees is an important exercise for companies, as they invest a lot of time and money in training new staff. This is basically true both for factory workers and for professionals. Professionals who have studied subjects which are of immediate use in the workplace, such as industrial engineers, are very often placed in factories and transferred from one section to another. By gaining experience in several different areas and by working in close contact with workers, the engineers are believed, in the long run, to become more effective members of the company. Workers too feel more involved by working with professionals and by being allowed to voice their opinions. Loyalty is believed to be cultivated in this type of egalitarian working environment.
   
4. 
   Because of this system of training employees to be all-rounders, mobility between companies is low. Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment, ordinary graduates being employed in administration, engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority, though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly, and the net sum, after the deduction of tax, is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well
   

as salary, a bonus is usually paid twice a year. This is a custom that dates back to the time when employers gave special allowances so that employees could properly celebrate bon, a Buddhist festival held in mid- July in Tokyo, but on other dates in other regions. The festival is held to appease the souls of ancestors. The second bonus is distributed at New Year. Recently, bonuses have also been offered as a way of allowing workers a share in the profits that their hard work has gained.

3. 
   Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that, as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing, the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
   

3. 
   Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security, foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.