References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed


Chapter 61: Fractures of the Femur



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Chapter 44: External Skeletal Fixation




REFERENCES

  1. Anderson MA, Mann FA, Kinden DA, et al: A comparison of non-threaded, enhanced threaded, and Ellis fixation pins used in type I external skeletal fixators in dogs. Vet Surg 22:482, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  2. Anderson MA, Mann FA, Wagner-Mann C, et al: Evaluation of cortical bone damage and axial holding power of non-threaded and enhanced threaded pin placed with and without drilling a pilot hole in femurs form canine cadavers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:883, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  3. Anderson MA, Palmer RH, Aron DN: Improving pin selection and insertion technique for external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 19:485, 1997.

  4. Aro HT, Chao EYS: Bone healing patterns affected by loading, fracture fragment stability, fracture type, and fracture site compression. Clin Orthop Relat Res (293):8, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  5. Aron DN, Toombs JP: Updated principles of external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:845, 1984.

  6. Aron DN, Brown J, Keller WG, Foutz TL: Experimental and clinical experience with IM pin external skeletal fixator tie-in configuration. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 4:86, 1991.

  7. Aron DN, Hollingsworth SC, Toombs JP: Primary treatment of severe fractures by external skeletal fixation: threaded pins compared with smooth pins. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:659, 1986.

  8. Aron DN, Palmer RH, Johson AL: Biological strategies and a balanced concept of repair of highly comminuted long bone fractures. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17:35, 1995.

  9. Aronson J, et al: Mechanical induction of osteogenesis: the importance of pin rigidity. J Pediatr Orthop 8:396, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

  10. Beck JA, Simpson DJ: Type 1-2 hybrid external fixator with tied-in intramedullary pin for treating comminuted distal humeral fractures in a dog and a cat. Aust Vet J 77:18, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  11. Bennett RA, Egger EL, Histand M, et al: Comparison of the strength and holding power of 4 pin designs for use with half pin (type I) external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 16:207, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

  12. Bjorling DE, Toombs JP: Transarticular application of the Kirschner-Ehmer splint. Vet Surg 1:34, 1982.

  13. Bouvy BM, Markel MD, Chelikani S, et al: Ex vivo biomechanics of Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation applied to canine tibiae. Vet Surg 22:194, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  14. Brad Case J, Egger EL: Evaluation of strength at the acrylic-pin interface for variably treated external skeletal fixator pins. Vet Surg 40:211, 2011. PUBMED Abstract

  15. Briggs BT, Chaow EYS: The mechanical performance of the standard Hoffmann-Vidal external fixation apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 64:566, 2010.

  16. Brinker WO, Soutas-Little RW, Verstraete MC, et al: Stiffness studies on various configurations and types of external fixators. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:801, 1985.

  17. Bronson DG, Ross JD, Toombs JP, Welch RD: Influence of the connecting rod on the biomechanical properties of five external skeletal fixation configurations. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:82, 2003.

  18. Bruce CW, Brisson BA, Gyselinck K: Spinal fracture and luxation in dogs and cats: a retrospective evaluation of 95 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:280, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  19. Bruce WJ, Thompson K, Firth EC, et al: A comparison of the effects of joint immobilization, twice daily passive motion, and voluntary motion on articular cartilage healing in sheep. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:23, 2002.

  20. Chao EY, Aro HT, Lewallen DG, Kelly PJ: The effect of fracture rigidity on fracture healing in external fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res (241):24, 1989.

  21. Clamen C: Closed reduction of a tibial nonunion by transfixation pinning. Vet Surg 9:125, 1980.

  22. Clary EM, Roe SC: Enhancing external skeletal fixation pin performance: consideration of the pin-bone interface. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:1, 1995.

  23. Clary EM, Roe SC: In vitro biomechanical and histological assessment of pilot hole diameter for positive-profile external skeletal fixation pins in canine tibiae. Vet Surg 25:453, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  24. Collins KE, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Newell SM: Use of a circular external fixator for stifle arthrodesis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 41:312, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  25. Cross AR, Aron DN, Budsberg SC, et al: Validation of a finite element model of the Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation system. Am J Vet Res 60:615, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  26. Davidson EB: Vascular injury and delayed hemorrhage after antebrachial external skeletal fixation in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:75, 1997.

  27. Davidson JR, Bauer MS: Fractures of the mandible and maxilla. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:109, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  28. De Haan JJ, Bertrand S, Renberg WC, Goring RL: Modified transarticular external skeletal fixation for support of Achilles tenorrhaphy in four dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:32, 1995.

  29. Dernell WS, Harari J, Blackletter DM: A comparison of acute pull-out strength between 2-way and one-way transfixation pin insertion for external skeletal fixation in canine bone. Vet Surg 22:110, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  30. Dudley M, Johnson AL, Olmstead M, et al: Open reduction and bone plate stabilization, compared with closed reduction and external fixation, for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures: 47 cases (1980-1995) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1008, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  31. Egger EL, Powers BE, Blass C, Histand MB: Effect of fixation pin insertion on the bone-pin interface. Vet Surg 15:246, 1986.

  32. Egger EL: Instrumentation for external fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:19, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  33. Egger EL: Static strength evaluation of six external skeletal fixation configurations. Vet Surg 12:130, 1983.

  34. Egger EL, Konde LJ, Schwarz PD, et al: Canine osteotomy healing when stabilized with decreasingly rigid fixation compared to constantly rigid fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:182, 1993.

  35. Egger EL: Complications of external fixation: a problem oriented approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:705, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

  36. Ehrhart N: Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: technique and outcome in 9 dogs. Vet Surg 34:24, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

  37. Farese JP, Lewis DD, Cross AR, et al: Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:279, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  38. Fearnside SM, Eaton-Wells RD, Mitchell RAS: Management of comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus with closed reduction and a hybrid type I-II external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:233, 2002.

  39. Fleming B, Paley D, Kristiansen T, Pope M: A biomechanical analysis of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin Orthop Relat Res 241:95, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

  40. Foland MA, Egger EA: Application of type-III external fixators: a review of 23 clinical fractures in 20 dogs and 2 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:193, 1991.

  41. Font J, Cairo J, Franch J: A review of 116 clinical cases treated with external fixators. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:173, 1997.

  42. Forell EB, Schwarz PD: Use of external skeletal fixation for treatment of angular deformity secondary to premature distal ulnar physeal closure. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:470, 1993.

  43. Fox DR, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Breshears LM: Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg 35:67, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  44. Fox SM, Bray JC, Guerin SR, Burbridge HM: Antebrachial deformities in the dog: treatment with external fixation. J Small Anim Pract 36:315, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  45. Gilley RS, Beason DP, Snyder DM, et al: External fixator clamp reuse degrades clamp mechanical performance. Vet Surg 38:530, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  46. Greenwood KM, Creagh GB: Bi-phase external skeletal splint fixation of mandibular fractures in dogs. Vet Surg 9:128, 1980.

  47. Guerin SR, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Stalling JT: Comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures repaired with a type I external fixator construct. J Small Anim Pract 39:525, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  48. Hart MB, Wu JJ, Chao EY, Kelly PJ: External skeletal fixation of canine tibial osteotomies: compression compared with no compression. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67:598, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

  49. Huber DJ, et al: A mechanical comparison of the fixation pin-connecting bar junction of Kirschner-Ehmer and acrylic external skeletal fixators. (abst) Vet Surg 27:509, 1998.

  50. Jaeger GH, Wosar MA, Marcellin-Little DJ, Lascelles BD: Use of hinged transarticular external fixation for adjunctive joint stabilization in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:586, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

  51. Jehn CT, Lewis DD, Farese JP, et al: Transverse ulnar bone transport osteogenesis: a new technique for limb salvage for the treatment of distal radial osteosarcoma in dogs. Vet Surg 36:324, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

  52. Johnson AL, Egger EL, Losonsky JM, Eurell JAC: Biomechanics and biology of fracture healing with external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:487, 1998.

  53. Johnson AL, Kneller SK, Weigel RM: Radial and tibial fracture repair with external skeletal fixation: effects of fracture type, reduction, and complications on healing. Vet Surg 18:367, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

  54. Johnson AL, Seitz SE, Smith CW, et al: Closed reduction and type-II external fixation of comminuted fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs: 23 cases (1990-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1445, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  55. Kirkby KA, Lewis DD, Lafuente MP, et al: Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear circular hybrid external skeletal fixators. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:180, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  56. Kraus KH, Wotton HM: Effect of clamp type on type II external fixator stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:178, 1999.

  57. Kraus KH, Wotton HM: Mechanical comparison of two external fixator clamp designs. Vet Surg 27:224, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  58. Kraus KH, Wotton HM, Boudrieau RJ, et al: Type II external fixation, using new clamps and positive-profile threaded pins, for treatment of fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1267, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  59. Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, McCartney WT: External skeletal fixation for stabilisation of comminuted humeral fractures in cats. J Small Anim Pract 38:280, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  60. Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, McCartney W: Use of external skeletal fixators in the repair of femoral fractures in cats. J Small Anim Pract 37:95, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  61. Lanz OI, Jones JC, Bergman R: Use of an external fixator to correct spinal fracture/ luxation and instability in three dogs. Vet Neurol Neurosurg 2:1, 2000.

  62. Lauer SK, Aron DN, Evans MD: Finite element method evaluation: articulations and diagonals in an 8-pin type 1B external skeletal fixator. Vet Surg 29:28, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  63. Lauer SK, Aron DN, Evans MD: Destabilization in external skeletal fixation finite element method evaluation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:164, 2003.

  64. Lesser AS: Segmental bone transport for the treatment of bone deficits. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:322, 1994.

  65. Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX (TM) circular external skeletal fixation system. Part II. Use in bone lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:118, 1999.

  66. Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX (TM) circular external skeletal fixation system. Part I. Use in fractures and arthrodeses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:108, 1999.

  67. Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Welch RD: Biomechanics of circular external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 27:454, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  68. Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Welch RD: Effect of individual components of the axial stiffness of a single ring IMEX circular external skeletal fixation system constructs [abstract]. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:80, 1997.

  69. Lincoln JD: Treatment of open, delayed union, and nonunion fractures with external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:195, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  70. Marcellin-Little DJ: Fracture treatment with circular external fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1153, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  71. Marcellin-Little DJ: Treating bone deformities with circular external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 21:481, 1999.

  72. Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, DeYoung DJ: Hinged Ilizarov external skeletal fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg 27:231, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  73. Marcellin-Little DJ: External skeletal fixation. In Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 1830.

  74. Marti JM, Miller A: Delimitation of safe corridors for the insertion of external fixator pins in the dog 1: hindlimb. J Small Anim Pract 35:16, 1994.

  75. Marti JM, Miller A: Delimitation of safe corridors for the insertion of external fixator pins in the dog 1: forelimb. J Small Anim Pract 35:78, 1994.

  76. Martinez SA, Arnoczky SP, Flo GL, Brinker WO: Dissipation of heat during polymerization of acrylics used for external skeletal fixator connecting bars. Vet Surg 26:290, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  77. McCartney W: Use of the modified acrylic external fixator in 54 dogs and 28 cats. Vet Rec 143:330, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  78. Muir P, Markel MD, Johnson KA: Area moment of inertia for comparison of implant cross-sectional geometry and bending stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:146, 1995.

  79. Ness MG: Treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fracture by open wound management and external skeletal fixation. J Small Anim Pract 47:83, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  80. Norris JL, Kraus KH, O’Leary JP: Effect of a supplemental plate on the stiffness of a Type I external fixator. Vet Surg 31:133, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  81. Norton JC, DeCamp CE, Yu J, Rooks R: Use of a single ring transarticular fixator construct for immobilization of the talocrural joint following common calcaneal tenorrhaphy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:430, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  82. Nunamaker DM: Treatment of open fractures in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1:66, 1979.

  83. Oni OO, Capper M, Soutis C: External fixation of upper limb fractures: the effect of pin offset on fixator stability. Biomaterials 16:263, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  84. Owen MA: Use of the Ilizarov method to manage a septic tibial fracture nonunion with a large cortical defect. J Small Anim Pract 41:124, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  85. Owen MA: Use of contoured bar transhock external fixators in 17 cats. J Small Anim Pract 41:440, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  86. Owen MR, Bennett D, Carmichael S, et al: Mandibular fracture repair in dogs and cats using epoxy resin and acrylic external skeletal fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:189, 2004.

  87. Palmer RH, Hulse DA, Hyman WA, Palmer DR: Principles of bone healing and biomechanics of external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:45, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  88. Palmer RH, Aron DN: Ellis pin complications in seven dogs. Vet Surg 27:423, 1998.

  89. Palmer RH: Biological osteosynthesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1171, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  90. Pettit GD: History of external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  91. Phillips L, Blackmore J: Kirschner-Ehmer device alone to stabilize caudal lumbar fractures in small dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 4:112, 1991.

  92. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE: Brinker, Piermattie, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 79.

  93. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, et al: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 518.

  94. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, et al: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 750.

  95. Radke H, Aron DN, Applewhite A, Zhang G: Biomechanical analysis of unilateral external skeletal fixators combined with IM-pin and without IM-pin using finite-element method. Vet Surg 35:15, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  96. Renberg WC, De Haan JJ, Goring RL: Repair of diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures using a modified type I external skeletal fixator and ulnar intramedullary pin. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:29, 1996.

  97. Ross JT, Matthiesen DT: The use of multiple pin and methylmethacrylate external skeletal fixation for the treatment of orthopaedic injuries in the dog and cat. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:115, 1993.

  98. Rovesti GL, Bascucci M, Schmidt K, Marcellin-Little DJ: Limb sparing using a double bone-transport technique for treatment of a distal tibial osteosarcoma in a dog. Vet Surg 31:70, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  99. Shores A, Nichols C, Koelling HA, Fox WR: Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique for caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:335, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

  100. Smith MM, Kern DA: Skull trauma and mandibular fractures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 25:1127, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  101. Ting D, Dejardin LM, Peterson SW: Bone transport for treatment of canine osteomyelitis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 23:134, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

  102. Tommasini-Degna M,Ehrhart N, Feretti A, Buracco P: Bone transport osteogenesis for limb salvage following resection of primary bone tumors: experience with six cases (1991-1996). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:18, 2000.

  103. Toombs JP, Ewing P, Basinger RR, Aron DN: Angled connecting bars for transarticular application of Kirschner-Ehmer external fixation splints. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:213, 1989.

  104. Trostel CT, Radasch RM: Tarsocrural arthrodesis: a clinical report using a circular external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 11:193, 1998.

  105. Walker TM, Pierce WA, Welch RD: External skeletal fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model. Vet Surg 31:181, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  106. Welch RD, Lewis DD: Distraction osteogenesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1187, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  107. Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Sereda CW: Closed fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:442, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

  108. Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Rapoff AJ: A comparison of accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study. Vet Surg 31:468, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  109. White DT, Bronson DG, Welch RD: A mechanical comparison of veterinary linear external fixation systems. Vet Surg 32:507, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  110. Williams N, Constantinescu GM, Wagner-Mann C, et al: Heat conduction of fixator pins with polymethylmethacrylate external fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:153, 1997.

  111. Wu JJ, Shyr HS, Chao EY, Kelly PJ: Comparison of osteotomy healing under external fixation devices with different stiffness characteristics. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:1258, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

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