Amber EI, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: A comparison of antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction of four antiseptics on canine wounds. Vet Surg 12:63, 1983.
Anderson JT, Gustilo RB: Immediate internal fixation in open fractures. Orthop Clin North Am 11:569, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ: Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 38:563, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
Aron DN: Management of open musculoskeletal injuries. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 3:290, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
Bardet JF, Hohn RB, Basinger R: Open drainage and delayed autogenous cancellous bone grafting for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:312, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
Basher AW, Presnell KR: Muscle transposition as an aid in covering traumatic tissue defects over the canine tibia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:617, 1987.
Benson DR, Riggins RS, Lawrence RM, et al: Treatment of open fractures: a prospective study. J Trauma 23:25, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
Bone LB, Johnson KD: Treatment of tibial fractures by reaming and intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68:877, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
Brown KV, Walker JA, Cortez DS, et al: Earlier debridement and antibiotic administration decrease infection. J Surg Orthop Adv 19:18, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Brumback RJ, Jones AL: Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia: the results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76:1162, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
Byrd HS, Cierny G, Tebbetts JB: The management of open tibial fractures with associated soft-tissue loss: external pin fixation with early flap coverage. Plast Reconstr Surg 68:73, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
Carsenti-Etesse H, Doyon F, Desplaces N, et al: Epidemiology of bacterial infection during management of open leg fractures. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18:315, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
Chambers JN, Purinton PT, Allen SW, et al: Flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral head) muscle flap for reconstruction of distal forelimb injuries in two dogs. Vet Surg 27:342, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
Clark D: Treatment of open comminuted intraarticular fractures of the proximal ulna in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:331, 1987.
Cullen MC, Roy DR, Crawford AH, et al: Open fracture of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78:1039, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
Dedmond BT, Kortesis B, Punger K, et al: Subatmospheric pressure dressings in the temporary treatment of soft tissue injuries associated with type III open tibial shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 26:728, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
DeLong WG, Born CT, Wei SY, et al: Aggressive treatment of 119 open fracture wounds. J Trauma 46:1049–1054, 1999.PUBMED Abstract
Dudley M, Johnson AL, Olmstead M, et al: Open reduction and bone plate stabilization, compared with closed reduction and external fixation, for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures: 47 cases (1980–1995) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1008, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
Egger EL, Rigg DL, Blass CE, et al: Type I biplanar configuration of external skeletal fixation: application technique in nine dogs and one cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:262, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
Egger EL: Complications of external fixation: a problem-oriented approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:705, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
Esterhai JL: Management of soft-tissue wounds associated with open fractures. Instr Course Lect 39:483, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
Etter C, Burri C, Claes L, et al: Treatment by external fixation of open fractures associated with severe soft tissue damage of the leg: biomechanical principles and clinical experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res 178:80, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
Foland MA, Egger EL: Application of type III external fixators: a review of 23 clinical fractures in 20 dogs and two cats. J Am Anim Hosp 27:193, 1991.
Fowler JD, Degner DA, Walshaw R, et al: Microvascular free tissue transfer: results in 57 consecutive cases. Vet Surg 27:406, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
Gall TT, Monnet E: Evaluation of fluid pressures of common wound-flushing techniques. Am J Vet Res 71:1384, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Garcia-Lopez A, Marco F, Lopez-Duran L: Unreamed intramedullary locking nailing for open tibial fractures. Int Orthop 22:97, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
Gatineau M, Plante J: Ulnar interlocking intramedullary nail stabilization of a proximal radio-ulnar fracture in a dog. Vet Surg 39:1025, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Ger R: Muscle transposition for treatment and prevention of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59:784, 1977. PUBMED Abstract
Gopal S, Majumder S, Batchelor AG, et al: Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82:959, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
Gristina AG, Rovere GD, Shoji H, et al: An in vitro study of bacterial response to inert and reactive metals and to methyl methacrylate. J Biomed Mater Res 10:273, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
Gustilo RB, Anderson JT: Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58:453, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN: Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 24:742, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
Gustilo RB, Merkow RL, Templeman D: The management of open fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 72:299, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
Haddad FS, Desai K, Sarkar JS, et al: The AO unreamed nail: friend or foe. Injury 27:261, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
Harley BJ, Beaupre LA, Jones CA, et al: The effect of time to definitive treatment on the rate of nonunion and infection in open fractures. J Orthop Trauma 16:484, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
Henley MB, Chapman JR, Agel J, et al: Treatment of type II, IIIA, and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails and half-pin external fixators. J Orthop Trauma 12:1, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
Henry SL, Ostermann PA, Seligson D: The prophylactic use of antibiotic impregnated beads in open fractures. J Trauma 30:1231, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
Hertel R, Lambert SM, Muller S, et al: On the timing of soft-tissue reconstruction for open fractures of the lower leg. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 119:7, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
Hohmann E, Tetsworth K, Radziejowski MJ, et al: Comparison of delayed and primary wound closure in the treatment of open tibial fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 127:131, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
Horn BD, Rettig ME: Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures. J Orthop Trauma 7:357, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
Houlton J: The management of open fractures. Vet Annual 36:173, 1996.
Johnson AL, Kneller SK, Weigel RM: Radial and tibial fracture repair with external skeletal fixation: effects of fracture type, reduction, and complications on healing. Vet Surg 18:367, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
Johnson AL, Seitz SE, Smith CW, et al: Closed reduction and type-II external fixation of comminuted fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs: 23 cases (1990–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1445, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
Kirkby KA, Wheeler JL, Farese JP, et al: Vacuum-assisted wound closure: application and mechanism of action. Comp Contin Educ Vet 31:E1, 2009.
Lambrechts NE, Hurter K, Picard JA, et al: A prospective comparison between stabilized glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine gluconate for preoperative skin antisepsis in dogs. Vet Surg 33:636, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
Lenarz CJ, Watson JT, Moed BR, et al: Timing of wound closure in open fractures based on cultures obtained after debridement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:1921, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Lincoln JD: Treatment of open, delayed union, and nonunion fractures with external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:195, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
Lord CF, Gebhardt MC, Tomford WW, et al: Infection in bone allografts: incidence, nature, and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70:369, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
Mankin HJ, Hornicek FJ, Raskin KA: Infection in massive bone allografts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 432:210, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
Martin R: Open fractures. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, p 901.
Mathes SJ, Alpert BS, Chang N: Use of the muscle flap in chronic osteomyelitis: experimental and clinical correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:815, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
Merritt K: Factors increasing the risk of infection in patients with open fractures. J Trauma 28:823, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
Miller CW, Chang C, Bowen V: Identification and transfer of free cutaneous flaps by microvascular anastomosis in the dog. Vet Surg 15:199, 1986.
Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, et al: Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 38:553, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
Moucharafieh RS, Saghieh SS, Nassar H, et al: Microvascular soft-tissue coverage and distraction osteosynthesis for lower-extremity salvage. Microsurgery 17:666, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
Nunamaker D: Open fractures and gunshot injuries. In Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, editors: Textbook of small animal orthopaedics, Philadelphia, 1985, Lippincott, p 481.
Ojo OD, Oluwadiya KS, Ikem IC, et al: Superficial swab cultures in open fracture management: insights from a resource-poor setting. J Wound Care 19:432, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Study Group: A new classification scheme for open fractures. J Orthop Trauma 24:457, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Ostermann PA, Seligson D, Henry SL: Local antibiotic therapy for severe open fractures: a review of 1085 consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77:93, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
Patzakis MJ, Bains RS, Lee J, et al: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing single-agent antibiotic therapy, ciprofloxacin, to combination antibiotic therapy in open fracture wounds. J Orthop Trauma 14:529, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J: Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Relat Res 243:36, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
Patzakis MJ: The use of antibiotics in open fractures. Surg Clin North Am 55:1439, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
Piras A: Management of open fractures. Proceedings, North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, PL, January 13–17, 2007, p 919.
Puerto DA, Aronson LR: Use of a semitendinosus myocutaneous flap for soft-tissue reconstruction of a grade IIIB open tibial fracture in a dog. Vet Surg 33:629, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
Richards RR, Mahoney JL, Minas T: Influence of soft tissue coverage on the healing of cortical defects in canine diaphyseal bone. Ann Plast Surg 16:296, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
Robinson D, On E, Hadas N, et al: Microbiologic flora contaminating open fractures: its significance in the choice of primary antibiotic agents and the likelihood of deep wound infection. J Orthop Trauma 3:283, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
Schandelmaier P, Krettek C, Rudolf J, et al: Outcome of tibial shaft fractures with severe soft tissue injury treated by unreamed nailing versus external fixation. J Trauma 39:707, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
Segal U, Shani J: Surgical management of large segmental femoral and radial bone defects in a dog: through use of a cylindrical titanium mesh cage and a cancellous bone graft. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 23:66, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
Skaggs DL, Friend L, Alman B, et al: The effect of surgical delay on acute infection following 554 open fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:8, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
Smith MM, Vasseur PB, Saunders HM: Bacterial growth associated with metallic implants in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:765, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
Spencer J, Smith A, Woods D: The effect of time delay on infection in open long-bone fractures: a 5-year prospective audit from a district general hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 86:108, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
Stark WJ: The use of pedicled muscle flaps in the surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis resulting from compound fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 28:343, 1946. PUBMED Abstract
Stevenson S, Olmstead ML, Kowalski J: Bacterial culturing for prediction of postoperative complications following open fracture repair in small animals. Vet Surg 15:99, 1986.
Tripuraneni K, Ganga S, Quinn R, et al: The effect of time delay to surgical debridement of open tibia shaft fractures on infection rate. Orthopedics 31:1, 2008.PUBMED Abstract
Tsur I, Christie BA: Third degree open fracture of the humerus of a dog: successful treatment with a less than optimum repair modality. Aust Vet Pract 29:31, 1999.
Tukiainen E, Asko-Seljavaara S: Use of the Ilizarov technique after a free microvascular muscle flap transplantation in massive trauma of the lower leg. Clin Orthop Relat Res 297:129, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
van der Werken CH, Marti RK: Bone transplantations. Injury 13:271, 1983.
Walter MC, Lenehan TM, Smith GK, et al: Treatment of severely comminuted diaphyseal fractures in the dog, using standard bone plates and autogenous cancellous bone graft to span fracture gaps: 11 cases (1979–1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:457, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
Wang X, Chang SM, Yu GR: A little proposal of the new open fractures classification. J Orthop Trauma 25:e30, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
Weitz-Marshall AD, Bosse MJ: Timing of closure of open fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 10:379, 2002. PUBMED Abstract