11
disorder (Casey, 2000). One study of psychiatric
out-patients in Norway reported that while 97
per cent had a diagnosis of an Axis I condition,
81 per cent had a co-occurring diagnosis of a
personality disorder
assessed using a semi-
structured interview assessment (Alnaes &
Torgersen, 1988). Other studies have confirmed
that personality disorder diagnoses are common
in psychiatric outpatients (e.g. Jackson
et al
.,
1991; Kass
et al
., 1985).
Research
suggests that dependent, passive-
aggressive and histrionic personality disorders
tend to be diagnosed more frequently in women,
and
that obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal and
antisocial personality disorders tend to be
diagnosed more frequently in men (e.g. Maier
et
al
., 1992). A number
of studies have reported no
statistically significant gender differences in
studies of patients with borderline personality
disorder after controlling for the effects of an
Axis I diagnosis of mood disorder (e.g. Golomb
et al
. 1995; Mattia & Zimmerman, 2001). Indeed,
the common belief
that certain personality
disorders, such as borderline, are more prevalent
in women is challenged by research indicating
that no personality
disorder significantly
predominated among women (Golomb
et al
.,
1995). However, in a case vignette study,
clinicians were more likely to diagnose
borderline personality disorder in women and
antisocial personality
disorder in men on the
basis of identical descriptions, suggesting rater
bias rather than the genuine effects of gender on
prevalence (Adler
et al
., 1990).
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