Republic of uzbekistanministry of higher and secondary special education tashkent financial institute

REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTANMINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION TASHKENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTE

ANDIJAN FACULTY

Direction " finance and financial technologies”

Stage I SMMT-70-22-Group student TURSINOV MO’MINJON

Independent work prepared by the subject "English language“

Presentation

Done: M.Tursinov

Checked: X.Maksudova

Breakdown

PLAN:

• Breakdown .
• Electrical breakdown .
• Breakdown process .

Breakdown

A vehicle breakdown is a mechanical or electrical failure of a motor vehicle in

such a way that the underlying problem prevents the vehicle from being

operated or impedes the vehicle's operation so significantly that it is very

difficult, nearly impossible, or else dangerous to operate.Vehicle breakdowns

have various causes. Depending on the severity, the vehicle may need to be

towed to an automobile repair shop or fixed on-site by roadside assistance or a

mobile mechanic. With other problems, the driver may be able to operate the

vehicle seemingly normally for some time, but the vehicle will need an eventual

repair. Many vehicle owners with personal economic difficulty or a busy schedule

may wait longer than they should to get necessary maintenance or repairs made

to their vehicles, thereby increasing their chances of a breakdown, inducing further damage

to the vehicle, or else causing more danger.

Electrical breakdown

In electronics, electrical breakdown or dielectric breakdown is a process that

occurs when an electrically insulating material (a dielectric), subjected to a

high enough voltage, suddenly becomes a conductor and current flows

through it. All insulating materials undergo breakdown when the electric field

caused by an applied voltage exceeds the material's dielectric strength. The

voltage at which a given insulating object becomes conductive is called its

breakdown voltage and, in addition to its dielectric strength, depends on its size

and shape, and the location on the object at which the voltage is applied. Under

sufficient electrical potential, electrical breakdown can occur within solids, liquids,

or gases (and theoretically even in a vacuum). However, the specific breakdown

mechanisms are different for each kind of dielectric medium.

Electrical breakdown may be a momentary event (as in an electrostatic

Electrical breakdown may be a momentary event (as in an electrostatic

discharge), or may lead to a continuous electric arc if protective devices fail

to interrupt the current in a power circuit. In this case electrical breakdown

can cause catastrophic failure of electrical equipment, and fire hazards.

Breakdown process

Breakdown is a local process, and in an insulating medium subjected to a high

voltage difference begins at whatever point in the insulator the electric field

first exceeds the local dielectric strength of the material. Since the electric

field at the surface of a conductor is highest at protruding parts, sharp points

and edges, for a conductor immersed in a homogeneous insulator like air or

oil, breakdown usually starts at these points. If the breakdown is caused by a

local defect in a solid insulator, such as a crack or bubble in a ceramic

insulator, it may remain limited to a small region; this is called partial

discharge. In a gas adjacent to a sharp pointed conductor, local breakdown

processes, corona discharge or brush discharge, can allow current to leak off the

conductor into the gas as ions.

However, usually in a homogeneous solid insulator after one region has

However, usually in a homogeneous solid insulator after one region has

broken down and become conductive there is no voltage drop across it, and

the full voltage differenc .