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than one year. Notes have maturities of one to seven years.
Bonds can be sold with any maturity, but their maturities at
issue typically exceed five years. Second, bonds and notes
specify periodic interest (coupon) payments as well as a
principal repayment. Third, they are frequently registered,
meaning that the government records the name and address of
the current owner.
Corporate bonds promise specified payments at specified
dates. While issuing bonds, corporations make a promise of
payment of principal and interest at stated dates. There are also
other provisions such as limitations of the firm’s right to sell
pledged property, limitations on future financing activities, and
limitations on dividend payments.
Here are some standard types of corporate bonds:
•
Mortgage bonds that are secured by the pledge of
specific property.
•
Debentures that are unsecured general obligations of the
issuing corporation.
•
Collateral trust bonds that are backed by other securities
(typically held by a trustee). Such bonds are frequently issued
by a parent corporation pledging securities owned by a
subsidiary.
•
Equipment obligations (or equipment trust certificates)
that are backed by specific pieces of equipment (for example,
railroad rolling stock or aircraft).
•
Convertible bonds that give the owner the option either
to be repaid in cash or to exchange the bonds for a specified
number of shares in the corporation.
Corporate bonds have differing degrees of risk. Bond
rating agencies (for example, Moody’s) provide an indication
of the relative default risk of bonds with ratings that range from
Aaa (the best quality) to C (the lowest). Bonds rated Baa and
above are typically referred to as “investment grade.” Below-
investment grade bonds are sometimes referred to as “junk
bonds.”
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