VOCABULARY
Banking system
банковская
система
bank sistemi
Commodity money
товарные
денги
ə
mtəəlik, mal ,əmtəə
pulu
Fiat money
декретные
деньги
məzuniyyət pulu
Bank money
банковские
деньги
bank pulu
Book credit
учетная
стоимость
кредита
kreditin hesab dəyəri
Check
чек
çek
Medium of
exchange
средствщ
обрешения
mübadilə vasitəsi
Store of exchange
средство
накопления
valyuta ehtiyatı
Unit of account
мера
стоимости
hesab vahidi
Liquid
ликвидный
likvidlik , nağd
Demand for money
спрос
на деньги
pula təlabat
Supply of money
предложение
денег
pul təchizatı
Currency
валюта
valyuta
Checkable deposit
чековый
депозитный
вклад
çek depozit əmanəti
Traveler’s check
дорожный
чек
səyahət çeki
Saving
сбережение
ə
manət
Time deposit
срочный
депозитный
вклад
müddətli depozit
ə
manəti
Certificate of
deposit
сберагаткльная
книжка
ə
manət kitabçası
Intermediary
посредник
vasitəçi
Reserve
резерв
ehtiyat
Loan
ссуда
ssuda, borc
Asset
актив
aktiv
Liability
обязательствою
, пассив
məsuliyyət, passiv
216
Exercise1. Answer the Questions
1.What is money ?
2. Whatare the functions of money ?
3.What does medium of exchange mean ?
4.Can you explain the meaning of “store of value ”?
5.What is the third function of money ?
6.How many functions do banks perform ?
7.What do banks do when they receive deposits ?
8.What is a balance sheet ?
9.What are liabilities ?
Exercise 2.Give derivatives of :
definition competition bank
accept activity money
lendcollect measure
borrow economic exchange
advance value important
intermediarysupply involve
deposit pay transport
acquire government transferable
Exercise 3. Give the Russian and Azerbaijan
equivalents of these word- combinations
An important part; economic transactions; functions of
money;role of the banking system; money –creation process;
different types of money; direct exchange; medium of
exchange; store of value; unitof account; perchaser of the good;
to make decision; supply of money; checkable deposits; travel’s
checks;savings and time deposits; certificates of deposit ;
reserve requirement; balance sheep; deposit liabilities .
217
Exercise 4. Match each word or phrase on the left with
the correct definitions on the right
1. Bank – the business of a bank
2. Bank account – a day during the week when banks are
closed by law
3. Bank balance – someone who works in a bank in an
important position
4. Bank book – a credit card provided by your bank
5. Bank card – a book in which a record is kept of the
money you put into and take out of yourbank account
6. Banker – the amount of money someone has in their
bank account
7. Bank holiday – an arrangement between a bank and
a customer that allows the customer to pay in and take out
money.
8. Banking – a business that keeps and lends money
and provides other financial services
9. Bank manager – someone who has officially said
that they cannot pay their debts.
10. Bank note – the rate of interest decided by a
country’s main bank.
11. Bank rate – a piece of paper money of a particular
value that you use to buy things.
12. Bankrupt – someone who is in charge of a local
bank.
13. Bankruptcy – a document sent regularly by a bank
to a customer that lists the amount of money taken out of
and paid into their bank accont.
14. Bank statement – the state of being unable to pay
your debts
218
Exercise 4. Read and act the Dialogue
Interview with aBank Manager
Reporter: As far as we know, last year was a year of
substantial progress for your bank, wasn’t it?
Banker: Yes, our bank made excellent progress. We
increased market share and profitability. At the same time we
continued to develop business infrastructure.
R: Could you substantiate it by some figures?
B: For example, the pre-tax profit increased by over 80%.
R: What would you attribute this success to?
B: This significant improvement arose mainly from
higher operating income reflecting improvement in net interest
and non-interest income. Retail customer deposits increased
progressively during the year. Loans and advances to customers
increased during the lattermonths of the year and at year end
were 4% higher than the prior year. Besides, we improved the
credit quality of our loan portfolios.
R: Is retail banking your specialist area?
B: No, not only. Like many banks we offer a combination
of wholesale and retail banking.We continued to increase our
presence in the health, education and charity sectors, the sectors
where we have developed specialized expertise.
R: Many banks follow this policy. They stay in a global
niche, focusing on particular areas.
B: I don’t think it’s fair to compare us to an ordinary
clearing bank. We are completely different.
R: Why?
B: We are a cooperative bank, and our mission is to
increase customer value, not shareholder value.
R: Is your policy bearing fruit?
B: Definitely. We constantly develop and introduce new
services and products we match our customers’ needs. The
number of customers is increasing.
219
R: It is known that you are a long-established bank
commited to remaining at the forefront of innovation in the
interest of the customers.
B: And the community, I would add. The bank has
proved that a business can make profits achieving at the same
time socially desirable objectives. All the bank’s visa credit
cards are used to support charities.
R: Now that you have mentioned credit cards, I’d like to
say that customers’ service requirements are changing.
Increasing numbers of customers prefer the convenience ob
telephone banking, ATM’s for cash withdrawals, as well as
debit and credit cards
B: I can’t agree more. The changing needs of customers
and the advances of new technology have resulted in the
development of our Armchair Banking Service. It’s the largest
telephone banking system in our country. Almost half of our
personal and corporate customers regularly use the system yo
conduct all their routine banking business.
R: That’s nice to hear. Nevertheless customers appreciate
personal contracts with staff, don’t they?
B: You are right. Not only have we expanded our branch
network, but we have relieved the staff of routine tasks, which
allows them to provide a greater focus on direct personal
service and consultation
R: Thank you for your full information on banking.
It is interesting to know.
Which word? Agenda/ diary/ schedule/ timetable/ itinerary
A book with a space for each day where you write down
things that you have to do in the future is called a diary or a
date book (AmE) not an agenda.
An agenda is a list of items to be discussed at a meeting.
220
You may also have a calendar on your desk or hanging up
in your room where you write down your appointments. A
diary or a journal is also the record that some people keep of
what has happened during the day.
An BrE your schedule is a plan that lists all the work that
you have to do and when you must do each thing and a
timetable is a list showing the fixed times at which events will
happen: a bus/train timetable.
In AmE these are both called a schedule.
An itinerary is a plan of a journey, including the route and
the places you visit.
221
FREE TOPICS
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
An economicsystem is quite simply the way in which a
country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural
resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inha-
bitants for goods and services. The more goods and services
that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher
the standard of living enjoyed by the country’s citizens.
Planned economies: Planned economies are sometimes
called‘command economies’ because the use of resources (such
as labour and factories) thatare usedto produce goods and
services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. A
planned economy is simply to understand but not simple to
operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages:
•
Everyone in society receives enough goods and
services to enjoy a basic standard of living.
•
Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.
•
The state can use its control of the economy to divert
resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that
everyone receives a good education, proper health care or
transport is available.
Several disadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages
that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies
ever recent years:
•
There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in
planned economies.
•
Any profits that are made paid to the government.
•
Citizens cannot start their own business and so new
ideas rarely come forward.
•
As a result, industries in planned economies can be
very inefficient.
A major problem faced by command or planned eco-
nomies is that of deciding what to poduce. Command eco-
222
nomies tend to be slow when responding to changes in cannot
predict changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Planners are
like to underproduce some itemsas they cannot predict changes
in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as
obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced. Planners are
afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure
substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and
queues for some products.
Mixed economies:A mixed economy means very much
what it says as it contains elements of both market and planned
economies. At one extreme we have a command economy,
which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions,
at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals
exercise considerable economic freedom of choise without any
government restrictions Between these two extremes lies a
mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are
controlled by the government whilst others are used in response
to the demands of consumers. The aim of mixed economies is
to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the
benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the
government and the private sector interact in solving economic
problems. The state controls the share of the output through
taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply
essential items such as health, education and defence, while
private firms produce cars,furniture, electrical items and
similar, less essential products. The U K is mixed economy:
some services are provided by the state (for example, health
care and defence ) whilst a range of privately owned business
offer other goods and services.
Market economies: In a true market economy the
government plays no role in the management of the economy,
the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on
private enterprise with private ownership of the means of
production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined
223
as surplus income available for investment in new business
activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to
how skilled they are andhow many firms wish to employ them
They spend their wages on the products andservices, they need.
Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services,
which are favoured.
Firms producing these goods will make more profits and
this will persuade more firms to produce theseparticular goods
rather than less favoured ones. This, we can see in a market
economy it is consumers who decide what isto be produced .
Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they
Dostları ilə paylaş: |