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LESSON 14
SUPPLY
The most basic laws in economics are those of supply and
demand. Indeed, almost every economics event is the product of
the interaction of these two laws. The law of supply states that
the quantity of a good supplied rises as the market price rises,
and falls as the price falls. Conversely, the law of demand says
that the quantity of a good demanded falls as the price rises, and
vice, versa.
One function of markets is to find “equilibrium”, or
“market-clearing” prices that balance the supplies of and de-
mands for goods and services. An equilibrium price is the one
at which each producer can sell all he wants to produce and,
each consumer can buy all he demands. Naturally, producers
always would like to charge higher prices. But even if they
have no competitors, they are limited by the law of demand: if
producers insist on a higher price, consumers will buy fewer
units. The law of supply puts a similar limit on consumers.
They always would prefer to pay a lower price than the current
one. But if they successfully insist on paying less (say, through
price controls), suppliers will produce less and some demand
will go unsatisfied.
Economists often talk of supply “curves” and demand
“curves”. A demand curve traces the quantity of a good that
consumers will buy at various prices. As the price rises, the
number of units demanded declines. That is because everyone’s
resources are finite; as the price of one good rises, consumers
buy less of that and more of other goods that now are relatively
cheaper. Similarly, a supply curve traces the quantity of a good
that sellers will produce at various prices. As the price falls, so
does the number of units supplied. Equilibrium is the point at
which the demand and supply curves intersect – the single price
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at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are the
same.
Markets in which prices can move freely are always in
equilibrium or moving toward it. For example, if the market for
a good is already in equilibrium and producers raise prices,
consumers will buy fewer units than they did in equilibrium,
and fewer units than producers have available for sale. In that
case producers have two choices. They can reduce price until
supply and demand return to the old equilibrium, or they can
cut production until supply falls to the lower number of units
demanded at the higher price. But they cannot keep the price
high and sell as many units as they did before.
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