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LRESSON 18
PROFITS
In a market economy, profits are the core aim of economic
activities. Those who organize production efforts do so to
maximize their income. Their search for profits is guided by the
famous “invisible hand” of capitalism: the highest profits are to be
found in producing the goods and services that potential buyer
most want.
Capitalists earn a return on their efforts by providing three
productive inputs. First, they are willing to delay their own
personal gratification. Instead of consuming all their resources
today, they save some of today’s income and invest those
savings in activities (plant and equipment) that will yield goods
and services in the future. When sold, these future goods and
services will yield profits that can then be used to finance
consumption or additional investment. Put bluntly, the
capitalist provides capital by not consuming. Without capital
much less production could occur. As a result some profits are
effectively the “wages” paid to those who are willing to delay
their own personal gratification.
Second, some profits are a return to those who take risks.
Some investments make a profit and return what was invested
plus a profit, but others don’t. When a savings and loan
association or an airline goes broke, the investors in those firms
lose their wealth and become poorer. Just as underground miners,
who are willing to perform a dangerous job, get paid more than
those who work in safer occupations, so investors who are willing
to invest in risky ventures earn more than those who invest in less
risky ones. On average those who take risks will earn a higher rate
of return on their investments than those who invest more
conservatively.
Third, some profits are a return to organizational ability,
enterprise, and entrepreneurial energy. The entrepreneur, by
inventing a new product or process, or by organizing the better
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delivery of old product, generates profits. People are willing to
pay the entrepreneur because he or she has invented a “better”
mousetrap.
Economists use the word interest to mean the payment for
delayed gratification, and use the word profits to mean only the
earnings that result from risk taking and from entrepreneurship.
But in everyday business language the owner’s return on his or
her capital is also called profits. (In business language the lender’s
return is called interest, even though most lending also entails
some risks.)
Capitalism requires profits, and profits require ownership.
Property
ownership
generates
responsibility.
Without
ownership no one is really responsible for what is going on in
the economy.
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