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LESSON 15
MONEY SUPPLY
Money supply in most countries comprises currency –
bills and coins issued by the Central Bank and/or the Treasury –
and various kinds of deposits held by the public at commercial
banks and other depository institutions such as savings and
loans and credit unions. In the USA, for example, on June 30,
1990, the money supply, measured as the sum of currency and
checking account deposits, totaled $ 809 billion. Including
some types of savings deposits, the money supply totaled $
3,272 billion. An even broader measure totaled $ 4,066 billion.
The definition of money has varied. For centuries physical
commodities, most commonly silver or gold, served as money.
Later, when paper money and checkable deposits were introduced,
they were convertible into commodity money. The abandonment
of convertibility of money into a commodity made paper money
the main financial instrument around the world. To regulate the
national economy and influence the world trade national monetary
authorities have the power to issue paper money without legal
constraints.
Because money is used in all economic transactions, in has a
powerful effect on economic activity. An increase in the supply of
money puts more money in the hands of consumers, making them
feel wealthier, thus stimulating increased spending. Business firms
respond to increased sales by ordering more raw materials and
increasing production. The spread of business activity increases the
demand for labor and raises the demand for capital goods. In a
booming economy, stock market prices rise and firms issue equity
and debt.If the
money supply continues to expand, prices begin to
rise, especially if output growth reaches capacity limits. As the
public begins to expect inflation, lenders insist on higher interest
rates to offset an expected decline in purchasing power over the life
of their loans.
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Opposite effects occurs when the supply of money falls, or
when its rate of growth declines. Economic activity declines and
either disinflation (reduced inflation) or deflation (falling prices)
results.
The most important determinant of the money supply is
the Central Bank.
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