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are tolerated with little or no police interference. In
countries where currencies are artificially controlled, the black
market rates usually indicate the true market price. When the
official rate has nothing to do with the real value of a currency,
people start trading outside official market. In Brazil, thiswas
tolerated to the point that the blackmarket rates were
publishedas parallel exchange rtates in the newspapers. The
black economy consists of those underground transactions that,
because of their illegality, go unreported.
Theworld economy is also full of semilegal or “gray
market” activities such as transfers and deposits of legally
earned but undeclared funds that have to be hidden from the
authorities at home. For example, normally law- abiding Italian,
French, and Latin American citizens have often transferred
money to bank accounts abroad during periods of domestic
economic instability and exchange restrictions.
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