Competition permeates economic life. Prices, wages,
methods of production, types and quantities of products, the
size and organization of business firms, the distribution of
resources, and people’s incomes – all result from competitive
processes.
Consider market prices for consumer goods. The baker
has on hand a stock of bread, a valuable good for which
consumers are willing to compete by offering the baker a price.
The baker wants to get the highest price possible, but he is
constrained. If he sets his price too high, customers will not buy
all that the baker has produced. They will buy from another
baker, or they will buy pizza or potatoes instead. So the baker
sets a price that he thinks will “clear the market”. That price is
determined by the willingness of customers to compete for his
product, and by the willingness of rivals to compete for his
customers.
An identical process occurs with producer goods. A steel
plant has on hand a supply of steel, for which automobile com-
panies, appliance makers, and equipment manufacturers are
competing. The firm wants to get as much revenue as it can,
taking into account the willingness of its customers to pay and
the threat of lower offers from its rivals. The customers want to
pay as little as possible, taking into account that rival customers
may outbid them. This two – sided competition will again set a
price that “clears the market.”The market – clearing price
represents the lowest price that buyers of steel must pay, and
the highest price that sellers of steel can receive, each without
being outbid by rivals.