S t r e ss I n a m e r I c a ™ released february 4, 2015
(Under K n=719; ≥K n=665); 2010 (Under K n=569
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(Under $50K n=719; ≥$50K n=665); 2010 (Under $50K n=569; ≥$50K n=438); 2011 (Under $50K n=598; ≥$50K n=527); 2012 (Under $50K n=926; ≥$50K n=981); 2013 (Under $50K n=990; ≥$50K n=795); 2014 (Under $50K n=1499; ≥$50K n=1379) Q605 On a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 means you have “little or no stress” and 10 means you have “a great deal of stress,” how would you rate your average level of stress during the past month?
TWICE AS LIKELY page 5 PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH WWW.STRESSINAMERICA.ORG Those living in lower-income households who also say they have extreme stress about money are more than twice as likely as those living in lower-income households with low stress about money to rate their health as fair or poor (44 percent vs. 17 percent). A STRESSFUL REALITY FOR PARENTS AND YOUNGER GENERATIONS The impact of stress about money appears to be worse among those who also report higher levels of overall stress — younger generations (Millennials and Gen Xers) and parents of children under the age of 18. 14
Overall, younger generations and parents rate their stress higher than Americans overall: • Parents say their overall stress is a 5.7 on a 10-point scale and more than one-third (34 percent) say that their overall stress has increased in the past year. Parents also report higher levels of stress about money compared to non-parents (5.8 vs. 4.4 on a 10-point scale). 15 • Millennials and Gen Xers report comparable levels of overall stress — 5.5 and 5.4 on a 10-point scale, respectively — and in both groups, more than one- quarter say their overall stress has increased in the past year (36 percent of Millennials and 30 percent of Gen Xers).
• Millennials and Gen Xers report higher levels of stress about money compared to Americans overall (Millennials: 5.4 on a 10-point scale; Gen Xers: 5.5; all adults: 4.7). Younger generations and parents are also more likely than other Americans to point to financial concerns as sources of stress. Money is a somewhat or very significant source of stress for the majority of Americans (64 percent) but even more so for parents (77 percent), Millennials (75 percent) and Gen Xers (76 percent). Parents and younger generations are less likely than Americans overall to report being financially secure (parents: 5.0 on a 10-point scale, where 1 means “not at all financially secure” and 10 means “completely financially secure;” Millennials: 4.8; Gen Xers: 4.8; all adults: 5.5). More than half of parents (58 percent) and Millennials (57 percent) say that paying for essentials is a somewhat or very significant source of stress, compared with 44 percent of Americans overall reporting the same. The majority of parents (71 percent) and Gen Xers (70 percent) say they have “just enough” or not enough money to make ends meet at the end of the month. 14 The four generations are defined as the following: Millennials (18- to 35-year-olds), Gen Xers (36- to 49-year-olds), Boomers (50- to 68-year-olds) and Matures (69 years and older). 15 “Non-parents” signify those who do not have a child under 18 living at home. < STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AMONG LOWER-INCOME AMERICANS Those living in lower-income households with extreme stress about money are more likely to report sedentary or unhealthy behaviors than those in lower-income households with low stress about money
All Americans Under $50K with extreme money stress Under $50K with low money stress 0% 10%
20% 30%
40% 50%
60% Watch television/ movies for more than 2 hours per day Surf the Internet Nap/sleep Eat Drink alcohol Smoke 55% 40% 38% 27% 23% 14% 12% 42% 38% 20% 25% 34% 27% 20% 15% 7% 6% 58% page 6 WWW.STRESSINAMERICA.ORG Roughly half of parents (48 percent) and Gen Xers (47 percent) say paying for out-of-pocket health care costs is a somewhat or very significant source of stress, compared to 38 percent of all Americans. For those who have out-of- pocket health care costs, more than one-quarter of parents (28 percent) and Gen Xers (27 percent) say they had difficulty paying for these costs in the past year. For many parents and younger generations, finances and stress about money are barriers to living a healthy lifestyle. Nearly half (45 percent) of parents, 43 percent of Millennials and 41 percent of Gen Xers say that their financial situation or lack of money prevents them from living a healthy lifestyle, compared to 32 percent of all Americans saying the same. Parents who say their stress about money is extreme (8, 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale) are more likely than parents with low stress about money (1, 2 or 3 on a 10-point scale) to report engaging in sedentary or unhealthy behaviors to manage their stress, such as watching television/movies for more than two hours per day (46 percent vs. 28 percent), surfing the Internet (48 percent vs. 18 percent), napping/sleeping (32 percent vs. 13 percent), drinking alcohol (24 percent vs. 11 percent) or smoking (25 percent vs. 6 percent). Parents who say their stress about money is extreme are nearly three times as likely as parents with low stress about money to rate their health as fair or poor (27 percent vs. 10 percent). Millennials who say their stress about money is extreme are more likely than Millennials who report low stress about money to say they engage in sedentary or unhealthy behaviors to manage their stress, such as watching television/ movies for more than two hours per day (58 percent vs. 35 percent), surfing the Internet (67 percent vs. 35 percent), napping/sleeping (46 percent vs. 24 percent), eating (41 percent vs. 19 percent), drinking alcohol (25 percent vs. 9 percent) or smoking (21 percent vs. 3 percent). Millennials reporting extreme money stress are significantly more likely than Millennials who say they have low money stress to rate their health as fair or poor (31 percent vs. 6 percent).
Year after year, women’s experiences with stress continue to be troubling. They consistently report higher stress levels than men do and they appear to have a hard time coping. 16
relationship with money and finances. Women report higher levels of stress about money than men (5.0 vs. 4.3 on a 10-point scale) and are more likely than men to say they feel stress about money all or most of the time (30 percent vs. 21 percent). Nearly half of women (49 percent) say that paying for essentials is a somewhat or very significant source of stress, compared with 38 percent of men. STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AMONG MILLENNIALS STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AMONG PARENTS BASE: ALL RESPONDENTS (n=3068); Parents with high stress about money (n=219); Parents with low stress about money (n=111) Q965 Do you do any of the following to manage stress? BASE: ALL RESPONDENTS (n=3068); Millennials with high stress about money (n=228); Millennials with low stress about money (n=169) Q965 Do you do any of the following to manage stress? PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH All Americans Parents w/ high money stress Parents w/ low money stress 0% 10% 20% 30%
40% 50%
Watch television/ movies for more than 2 hours per day Surf the Internet Nap/sleep Drink alcohol Smoke 60%
70% 40% 46% 28% 38% 18% 27% 32% 13% 14% 24% 11% 12% 25% 6% All Americans Millennials w/ high money stress Millennials w/ low money stress Watch television/ movies for more than 2 hours per day Surf the Internet Nap/sleep Eat Drink alcohol Smoke 0% 10% 20% 30%
40% 50%
60% 70%
40% 58% 35% 38% 67% 35% 27% 46% 24% 23% 41% 19% 14% 25% 9% 12% 21% 3% 48% 16 Men n=1204; Women n=1864. page 7 WWW.STRESSINAMERICA.ORG Women who say their stress about money is high (8, 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale) are more likely than women who say they have low stress about money (1, 2 or 3 on a 10-point scale) to say they engage in sedentary or unhealthy behaviors to manage their stress, such as watching television/movies for more than two hours per day (55 percent vs. 38 percent), surfing the Internet (57 percent vs. 34 percent), napping/sleeping (41 percent vs. 23 percent), eating (40 percent vs. 19 percent), drinking alcohol (21 percent vs. 9 percent) or smoking (19 percent vs. 7 percent). Women who say their stress about money is high are significantly more likely than women who say they have low stress about money to rate their health as fair or poor (34 percent vs. 13 percent). SEEKING EMOTIONAL SUPPORT While the connection between stress and health is clear, both appear to be affected by the social and emotional support we perceive in our lives. 17,18 Survey findings show that Americans who say they have emotional support — specifically, that they have someone they can ask for emotional support if they need it, such as family and friends — report lower stress levels and better related outcomes than those without emotional support. 19,20
But finding that support when you need it can be difficult: One in five Americans (21 percent) say they have no one to rely on for emotional support. A similar percentage of Americans (18 percent) say money is a taboo subject in their family and more than one-third (36 percent) say that talking about money makes them uncomfortable. The average overall stress level for those who say they have no emotional support is 6.2 on a 10-point scale, compared with 4.8 for those who say they have emotional support. Forty-three percent of those who say they have no emotional support report that their overall stress has increased in the past year, compared with 26 percent of those who say they have emotional support. Twenty-one percent of those who say they have no emotional support report that they did not make any lifestyle changes because they are too stressed, compared with 10 percent of those who say they have emotional support. Nearly half (46 percent) of those who say they have no emotional support say they felt depressed/sad due to stress in the last month, compared with one-third (32 percent) of those who say they have emotional support. 17
MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Stress. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stress.html 18 Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: Implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 255–291. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716089 19
Uchino, Bert N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale University. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VxUgC6S255wC&oi =fnd&pg=PP5&ots=6AwhG7hr9m&sig=r9DByAV1GBsCA3BgDiLDVjcXM-Q#v=onepage&q&f=false 20 Emotional support yes: n=2042; emotional support no: n=649. < STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AMONG WOMEN Women with high stress about money are more likely to report sedentary or unhealthy behaviors than women with low stress about money
PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH All Americans Women w/ high money stress Women w/ low money stress 0% 10% 20% 30%
40% 50%
60% Watch television/ movies for more than 2 hours per day Surf the Internet Nap/sleep Eat Drink alcohol Smoke 55% 40% 38% 27% 23% 14% 12% 57% 41% 40% 21% 19% 38% 34% 23% 19% 9% 7% PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH page 8 WWW.STRESSINAMERICA.ORG PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH For those Americans who feel the burden of stress about money the most — parents, younger generations, lower- income households and women — it seems that emotional support is even harder to come by. Even within families, talking about money and finances can be challenging. Only 37 percent say they talk with their family members about money often and 31 percent of spouses and partners say that money is a major source of conflict or tension in their relationship. In addition, nearly all adults (95 percent) think parents should talk to their children about money. Significantly more Americans from lower-income households than those from higher-income households say that they do not have emotional support (27 percent vs. 17 percent). Roughly one-quarter of parents (26 percent) and Millennials (25 percent) say that they do not have emotional support. Twenty-eight percent of parents and 34 percent of Millennials report feeling a sense of loneliness/isolation due to stress in the past month, compared with 24 percent of Americans overall. These groups in particular — and those living in lower-income households — say they could use more emotional support (52 percent of those from lower- income households, 62 percent of parents and 59 percent of Millennials say they could have used a lot, some or a little more emotional support in the past year than they received). A fair number of Americans — 14 percent — say they could have used a lot more emotional support in the past year. While women are less likely than men to say they do not have emotional support (19 percent vs. 23 percent), more women report feeling a sense of loneliness/isolation due to stress in the past month (29 percent vs. 19 percent of men) and they are more likely to say that they could have used a lot more emotional support in the past year (16 percent vs. 11 percent of men). Only 37% of adults TALK WITH THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS ABOUT MONEY OFTEN THE IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL SUPPORT 21% say they did not make any lifestyle changes because they are too stressed 10% say they did not make any lifestyle changes because they are too stressed 43% say stress has increased in the past year 26% say stress has increased in the past year 6.2 4.8 st re ss le ve l st re ss le ve l say they felt depressed/ sad due to stress in the last month say they felt depressed/sad due to stress in the last month (46%) (32%) No I don’t have it. I have it. Yes page 9 PAYING WITH OUR HEALTH WWW.STRESSINAMERICA.ORG
3 4 5 6 7 Mean healthy stress level Mean stress level
or no stress” and 10 means you have “a great deal of stress,” how would you rate your average level of stress during the past month? Q610 On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 means “little or no stress” and 10 means “a great deal of stress,” what would you consider a healthy level of stress? Stress levels are declining, but still higher than healthy levels
Although survey findings show that average stress levels have decreased since 2007, many Americans say they struggle to achieve their healthy living goals and that important health behaviors like eating and sleeping are affected by stress. Only a small percentage say their stress has actually decreased this past year. On average, Americans rate their stress level as 4.9 on a 10-point scale, where 1 is “little or no stress” and 10 is “a great deal of stress,” down from 6.2 in 2007. Despite this downward trend, reported stress levels remain higher than what Americans believe to be healthy — 3.7 on a 10-point scale — though the gap between average reported stress levels and healthy stress levels is narrowing (a gap of 1.2 in 2014 vs. 1.8 in 2007). Forty-two percent of adults say they are not doing enough or are not sure whether they are doing enough to manage their stress. One in five Americans (20 percent) say they never engage in an activity to help relieve or manage their stress. Many Americans say their stress levels have either stayed the same (53 percent) or increased (29 percent) in the past year. Only 18 percent of Americans say their stress has decreased in the past year. The most commonly reported sources of stress include money (64 percent report that this is a very or somewhat significant source of stress), work (60 percent), the economy (49 percent), family responsibilities (47 percent) and personal health concerns (46 percent). The most commonly reported stress management techniques include listening to music (44 percent), exercising/walking (43 percent), watching television for more than two hours per day (40 percent) and surfing the Internet/going online (38 percent).
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