Keywords Bacteriocin-like . Lactic acid bacteria .
Cheese . Fermentation
S. Gurban oglu Gulahmadov
· A. Alekper oglu Kuliev
Chair of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
Baku State University
Baku, Azerbaijan
B. Batdorj
· M. Dalgalarrondo · J.-M. Chobert () · T. Haertl´e
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique,
BIA-FIPL, rue de la G´eraudi`ere,
B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
e-mail: chobert@nantes.inra.fr
Introduction
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are traditionally used as “nat-
ural” or “selected” starters in the manufacture of cheeses
and fermented milk products because of their functions of
preservation and for their contribution to flavor and aroma.
Therefore, they are of a great economic importance. In
fermented food products, LAB perform both acidification,
due to the production of lactic and acetic acids, flavor-
compounds production, as well as protection of the food
from spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms by produc-
ing organic acids, hydrogen-peroxide, diacetyl [
1
,
6
], anti-
fungal compounds such as fatty acids or phenyl lactic acid,
and/or bacteriocins [
2
,
7
,
8
].
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or small proteins
that inhibit, by a bactericidal or bacteriostatic mode of ac-
tion, microorganisms that are usually closely related to the
producer strain [
3
,
9
]. A bacteriocin producer protects it-
self against its own antimicrobial compounds by defense
system, which is expressed concomitantly with the antimi-
crobial peptide(s) [
10
]. Bacteriocins from LAB have been
classified, initially by Klaenhammer [
11
], in four classes
on the basis of common, mainly structural, characteris-
tics. In a later review, Nes et al. [
10
] restricted the LAB-
produced bacteriocins to three classes since the existence
of a fourth class as proposed by Klaenhammer [
11
], i.e.
complex compounds needing a carbohydrate or lipid moi-
ety for activity, had been based on unpurified, and therefore
not well-defined, compounds. Class I bacteriocins, termed
lantibiotics, are small and heat-stable peptides that contain
thioether amino acids, like lanthionine. The model of this
group, nisin, is probably the most well-known and stud-
ied bacteriocin produced by LAB [
12
,
13
]. Class II con-
tains small heat-stable, unmodified peptides [
14
], which
are subdivided into Class IIa, or antilisterial peptides, con-
taining the recently described lactococcin MMF2 [
15
] and
sakacin G [
16
] and Class IIb, consisting in the association
of two different peptides for full activity, such as lactococ-
cin G or lacticin F [
17
]. Class III contains large heat-labile
proteins. This group is not well documented. Only few
large bacteriocins produced by LAB are described at the
molecular level, such as helveticin J produced by Lacto- bacillus helveticus 481 [
18
] or enterolysin A from Ente- rococcus faecalis LMG 2333 (GenBank accession number
AF249740) [
19
]. Nevertheless, some of the incompletely
described antibacterial compounds could be suspected to
be Class III bacteriocins, although not yet classified, e.g.
helveticin V-1829 from L. helveticus 1829 [
20
], the antimi-
crobial substance from L. helveticus CNRZ 450 strain [
21
],
or the recently reported enterocin R69 from Enterococcus