Science and Education in Karakalpakstan issn 2181-9203 Science Magazine chief editor

Science and Education in Karakalpakstan. 2023 №2/1 ISSN 2181-9203 
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all this indicates an increase in Russia's influence on the political life of the Republic of 
Kazakhstan. 
And in the end, it can be noted about the role of the EU, which seeks to involve Kazakhstan 
in close economic integration, and thereby strengthen its influence in the country. As is known, a 
close trade and economic partnership has developed between the European Union (EU) and the 
Republic of Kazakhstan. The EU is Kazakhstan's first trading partner, accounting for 40% of the 
country's foreign trade. Interaction between the EU and Kazakhstan is built within the framework of 
the Central Asian Strategy 2019, as well as the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 
between the EU and Kazakhstan, which entered into force on March 1, 2020. In addition, the EU 
and Kazakhstan cooperate closely in areas such as political, trade and economic cooperation, 
development cooperation and interaction with civil society, energy, environmental protection and 
climate change, as well as cooperation on democracy, the rule of law observance of human rights 
and fundamental freedoms. Thus, by strengthening cooperation with Kazakhstan, the EU puts 
certain demands on political and economic reforms, and in return they promise to provide trade 
preferences, loans and grants. This already speaks of an increase in the levers of influence on 
Kazakhstan from the EU. 
In this context, green regulation appears as a political threat to Kazakhstan. This refers to the 
development of EU climate legislation, which threatens huge losses for the economy of Kazakhstan, 
where the main industries are mining and oil and gas industries. The EU Green Deal, aimed at 
reducing carbon emissions and moving towards green energy, provides for a number of trade 
restrictions and the imposition of duties on product imports. And since the EU is one of the major 
trading partners of Kazakhstan, the latter is forced to more rapidly diversify the economy and 
switch to green energy. Kazakhstan has already put in place an emissions trading system and has 
begun developing a low-carbon vision until 2050. The new environmental code may require 
companies to introduce new emissions control technologies, which will require significant 
investment. The EU Green Deal carries the threat of losses for the main sectors of the economy of 
Kazakhstan, which reduces its investment attractiveness. 
Thus, the problems of ensuring national security have not bypassed Kazakhstan, where 
internal political processes for a long time have not been without attention and active participation 
from external forces. Of course, the state is unable to avoid the influence of third countries, 
especially in the face of fierce competition between major players in Central Asia, however, a clear 
foreign policy strategy would avoid maintaining statehood and further defending its rights and 
sovereignty in the international arena. 
The analysis carried out allows us to draw the following conclusions. Today, the main 
threats to Kazakhstan come from trends in the regional space and external conditions. The country 
depends on the relations and influence of the main world actors - Russia, China, the EU and others. 
The degree of Russia's influence in Kazakhstan is high, the nature of influence is the deepening of 
integration within the framework of the EAEU and the CSTO. The degree of China's influence is 
also high, the nature of influence is the actual drawing of the countries of the region into the sphere 
of China's economic attraction. The degree of EU influence is correspondingly low, compared to 
China and Russia, but is taking place and is being promoted within the framework of the EU 
strategy. The nature of this influence can be characterized as stimulating intra-regional integration 
impulses through the creation of economic programs and projects.