other blogs reveal an inside view to the brutality of military forces against
peaceful demonstrators.
Due to the long-lasting univocal political structures in the region and the absent or
weak presence of mainstream political opposition, many of the events in fact were the
citizens’ collective reaction to living under oppressive conditions in an unjust society.
In such an environment, digital social media tools were the most effective means of
communication that grassroots citizen had in their campaign for freedom.
Through the ongoing series of political protests and civil resistance in the MENA
region, civilians sought to remove their long-standing dictators and elites from power.
The wave of resistance gained momentum in 2009 in Iran in the aftermath of the
presidential election and, thereafter, the wave spread to other countries in the region.
The events in Iran resulted in a civil resistance movement known as the “Green
Movement of Iran.” A little more than a year later, the Jasmine movement of Tunisia
succeeded in removing that country’s long-standing dictator, Ben Ali. The success of
the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution spread hope to other Arab countries that civil
resistance can result in social changes that promise to bring freedom and democracy.
This phenomenon was experienced a few months later in Egypt and subsequently
forced the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. This success also fuelled other
ongoing mass demonstrations, particularly in countries such as Bahrain, Jordan,
Libya, Morocco, Syria and Yemen.
This empirical study uses social network theory to better understand the role of
different social actors in the context of social media in the MENA region. The critical
discourse analysis (CDA) method, as a form of critical research, is applied to analyze
the meanings and context generated through the process of communication discourse
and their impacts on mobilizing citizens for democratic change in the region. Framed
within a material/social and language environment, conversation is the site where the
process of sense-making occurs and where agency and text, symbols, speech and other
communicative objects are generated to better understand the meaning of discourse
(Taylor and Robichaud, 2004). In this context, the CDA method allows us to gain
insights into how the use of social media as a platform for engaging citizens in public
discourse transforms citizens-to-citizen dialogue into mobilization of the masses,
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