Special education of the republic of uzbekistan fergana state university

CHAPTER I. TEACHING SPEECH MOVEMENTS IN CONTEXT

1. 
   Definition and types of speech acts.
   

A speech act is a linguistic act that serves a specific function or accomplishes a particular purpose. In other words, it is an utterance that not only conveys a message but also performs a social function. The concept of speech acts was introduced by the philosopher J.L. Austin in his book "How to Do Things with Words" (1962).

There are several types of speech acts, including:

1. Assertives: These are speech acts that aim to assert or claim something to be true or false. For example, "The Earth is flat" or "I believe in aliens."

2. Directives: These are speech acts that aim to get the listener to do something. For example, "Close the door" or "Please pass me the salt."

3. Commissives: These are speech acts that commit the speaker to a future action or obligation. For example, "I promise to be there on time" or "I will call you tomorrow."

4. Expressives: These are speech acts that express the speaker's attitudes or emotions towards something. For example, "I am so happy" or "I am sorry for your loss."

5. Declarations: These are speech acts that bring about a change in the world simply by being uttered. For example, "I now pronounce you husband and wife" or "I declare war on your country."

6. Performatives: These are speech acts that not only describe a situation but also bring about a change in it. For example, "I name this ship the Titanic" or "I apologize for my behavior."

7. Representatives: These are speech acts that state or describe a fact or a state of affairs. For example, "The sky is blue" or "He is a doctor."

¹ Estes JA, Tinker MT, Williams TM, Doak DF. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science. 1998;282:473–476.

7. 
   Interrogatives: These are speech acts that ask questions to seek information or clarification. For example, "What time is it?" or "Can you tell me where the nearest gas station is?"
   
8. 
   Expressives: These are speech acts that convey the speaker's emotions, attitudes, or feelings about a particular situation. For example, "I love you" or "I hate spiders."
   
9. 
   Directives: These are speech acts that aim to influence the listener to take a specific action or behave in a particular way. For example, "Please sit down" or "Stop talking."
   

11. 
    Declarations: These are speech acts that create a new reality or bring about a change in the world simply by being spoken. For example, "I declare bankruptcy" or "I hereby name you the winner of this competition."
    
12. 
    Assertives: These are speech acts that aim to assert or deny the truth of a proposition. For example, "The Earth revolves around the sun" or "I didn't steal the money."
    
13. 
    Directives: These are speech acts that request or command the listener to perform a specific action or behave in a particular way. For example, "Can you lend me a hand?" or "Don't touch that!"
    
14. 
    Expressives: These are speech acts that express the speaker's feelings or attitudes about a situation. For example, "I am so proud of you" or "I am thrilled to be here."
    
15. 
    Declarations of intention: These are speech acts that declare the speaker's intention to do something in the future. For example, "I am planning to quit my job" or "I am thinking about starting my own business."
    
16. 
    
    Directives of permission: These are speech acts that grant or deny permission to the listener to perform a certain action. For example, "You may leave now" or "I'm sorry, but you cannot enter without an invitation."
    

² Nowick K, Gernat T, Almaas E, Stubbs L. Differences in human and chimpanzee gene expression patterns define an evolving network of transcription factors in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:22358–22

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