a) Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a use of words or combinations of words whose sounds produce an imitation of natural sound. E.g.:
"And the great pines grown aghast" (Shelley)
The repetition of the sounds [g] and [r] is aimed at imitating the sounds of the forest on a stormy night.
There are two varieties of onomatopoeia: direct and indirect.
Direct onomatopoeia is contained in words that imitate natural sounds, as ding-dang, bang, cuckoo, mew, ping-pong and the like. These words have different degrees of imitative quality.
Onomatopoeia words can be used in a transferred meaning, as for instance, ding-dong, which represents the sound of bell's rung continuously. E.g.: ding-dong struggle.
More examples of such variety of onomatopoeia are the following. E.g.: to croak - the direct meaning is to make a deep harsh sound (about frogs and ravens), but in its transferred meaning it denotes a hoarse human voice. Its contextual meaning may be: to protest dismally, to predict evil ("каркать" in Russian). Note the following example: if that child doesn't stop whining, I'll drown it. In this sentence "whining" is used as an onomatopoeic word and means "long-drawn complaining cry or high-pitched sound made by a miserable dog (uzbek: гингшимок).
Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance echo of its sense. It is sometimes called "echo-writing". E.g.:
"And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain" (E. A. Рое)
Here repetition of the sound [s] produces the sound of the rustling of the curtain.
Onomatopoeic words are divided into the following groups: 1. Words denoting the sounds of movements: bang, boom, rustle, hum, crash, whip. 2. Words denoting sounds appearing in the process of communication: babble, giggle, grumble, murmur, whisper. 3.Sounds of animals, birds, insects: huzz, crackle, crow, hiss, moo, mew, purr, roar. 4. The sound of water: splash. 5. The sound of metallic things: clinc, tinkle etc.
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