Supplementary Appendices

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Appendices: Jew et al., Miombo woodland under threat.

Supplementary Appendices

Table S: Utilisation and land cover variables used to determine the level of utilisation of each site. The average value of each variable for each level was calculated (Sites: High n=2; Medium n=4; Low n=3). One way ANOVA results (df = 2 for all variables) are given to demonstrate differences between each level. Where a significant difference was demonstrated between the levels the post-hoc test Tukey HSD was performed to ascertain which levels differed. P< 0.05 indicates a significant difference.

Variable		Site utilisation level			One-way ANOVA				P-value for Tukey HSD post-hoc test
Variable		High	Medium	Low	Sum of Squares	Mean squares	F value	P-value	Low-High	Low-Medium	Medium - High
Approximate distance (km)	From settlement	4	5	11	88.17	44.09	2.44	0.167	-	-	-
Approximate distance (km)	From road	2	4	10	108.24	54.12	5.764	0.0401	0.0534	0.0686	0.7738
Age (years)	Of agriculture	17	13	1	374.3	187.15	4,287	0.0698	-	-	-
Land use (% cover)	Agricultural area	49	21	0	2812	1406	25.05	0.00122	0.0009	0.0244	0.0131
	Regenerating miombo	20	1	0	605	302.5	10.56	0.0108	0.0146	0.982	0.0136
	Seasonal floodplain	2	8	2	70.15	35.07	3.225	0.112	-	-	-
	Open miombo	30	70	97	5499	2749.3	16.21	0.00381	0.003	0.0777	0.0261
Utilisation (%)	Cut poles and timber	29	20	3	939.2	469.6	15.35	0.00437	0.0045	0.0163	0.1915
	Cattle tracks present	13	31	3	1428	714	0.732	0.519	-	-	-
Utilisation Activity (number of incidents)	Access	46	31	6	2081	1040.3	41.34	0.00031	0.0003	0.0016	0.0274
	Agriculture-related	6	2	0	33.81	16.917	16.46	0.00366	0.0033	0.3526	0.0092
	Charcoal production area	2	0	0	6.222	3.1111	9.333	0.0144	0.021	1	0.01673
	Honey-related activity	13	26	25	279	139.49	2.114	0.202	-	-	-
	Marked trees	55	30	16	1755.6	877.8	6.197	0.0347	0.0292	0.3654	0.11578
	Non-Timber Forest Product	8	18	7	227.9	113.94	1.477	0.301	-	-	-
	Settlement - related	8	5	0	66.97	33.49	2.052	0.209	-	-	-
	Timber products	26	31	4	1327.6	663.8	5.111	0.0506	-	-	-
	Stumps	27	6	4	1871	935.5	13.49	6.28E-06	0.0000032	0.094	0.001

Table S2: Differences between tree species abundance, richness and diversity at different utilisation levels, using one-way ANOVA (df =2 for all variables). The post-hoc test Tukey HSD was performed on significant ANOVA results to determine how the levels differed. Two sites from each utilisation level were used to ensure even sampling. P< 0.05 indicates a significant difference.

	One-way ANOVA				P-values for Tukey HSD
Tree	Sum of Squares	Mean squares	F value	P-value	Low-High	Low-Medium	Medium - High
Abundance	1756	878.1	1.109	0.336	-	-	-
Richness	59.3	29.67	0.854	0.431	-	-	-
Diversity	4.48	2.2417	4.094	0.0214	0.01627	0.51736	0.1935

Table S3: Frequency of occurrence of tree species per plot per utilisation level

		Frequency per utilisation plot
Family	Species	Low	Medium	High
Mimosoideae	Acacia gerrardii	0.03	0.00	0
	Acacia hockii	0.08	0.00	0
	Acacia macrothyrsa	0.03	0.00	0
	Acacia sieberiana	0.08	0.00	0
	Acacia xanthophloea	0.11	0.08	0.4
	Acacia zeyheri	0.00	0.00	0.3
Fabaceae	Afzelia quanzensis	0.08	0.00	0
Mimosoideae	Albizia adianthifolia	0.08	0.00	0
	Albizia antunesiana	0.00	0.04	0.35
	Albizia glaberrima	0.00	0.02	0.2
	Albizia harveyi	0.08	0.04	0
Sapindaceae	Allophylus africanus	0.03	0.00	0.1
	Allophylus sp.	0.00	0.06	0
Anisophylleaceae	Anisophyllea boehmii	0.00	1.47	0
Annonaceae	Annona senegalensis	0.05	0.02	0
Phyllanthaceae	Antidesma venosum	0.24	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Bauhinia petersiana	0.68	0.00	0
Melianthaceae	Bersama abyssinica	0.03	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Bobgunnia madagascariensis	0.08	0.37	0.35
Capparaceae	Boscia mossambicensis	0.00	0.08	0
	Boscia salicifolia	0.00	0.00	0.05
Fabaceae	Brachystegia boehmii	1.46	2.06	0.25
	Brachystegia glaucescens	0.70	0.00	0
	Brachystegia longifolia	0.57	0.71	0.15
	Brachystegia manga	0.00	0.90	0
	Brachystegia spiciformis	1.16	2.04	0
	Brachystegia utilis	0.05	0.02	0
Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia duvigneaudii	0.03	0.00	0.7
	Bridelia micrantha	0.08	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Burkea africana	0.27	1.06	0.1
Rubiaceae	Canthium sp.	0.00	0.02	0
Rhizophoraceae	Cassipourea mollis	0.16	0.16	0.3
Rubiaceae	Catunaregam spinosa	0.32	0.10	0.9
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum sp.	0.00	0.00	1.65
Combretaceae	Combretum collinum	0.27	0.22	0.4
	Combretum molle	0.30	0.16	0.3
	Combretum pentagonum	0.03	0.27	0.15
	Combretum zeyheri	1.86	0.14	6
Burseraceae	Commiphora africana	0.46	0.31	0.05
	Commiphora mossambicensis	0.32	0.02	0.05
Araliaceae	Cussonia arborea	0.32	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Dalbergia nitidula	0.08	0.20	0.2
Fabaceae	Dichrostachys cinerea	0.32	0.06	0.55
Ebenaceae	Diospyros fischeri	0.11	0.00	0
Apocynaceae	Diplorhynchus condylocarpon	0.51	1.20	1.55
Streculiaceae	Dombeya rotundifolia	0.05	0.00	0
Meliaceae	Ekebergia capensis	0.00	0.06	0
Papilionoideae	Erythrina abyssinica	0.08	0.02	0
Proteaceae	Faurea rochetiana	0.24	0.08	0
Salicaceae	Flacourtia indica	0.24	0.06	0.15
Clusiaceae	Garcinia huillensis	0.00	0.04	0
Rubiaceae	Gardenia ternifolia	0.03	0.00	0
Malavaceae	Grewia pachycalyx	0.11	0.00	0
Annonaceae	Hexalobus monopetalus	0.19	0.49	0.6
Phyllanthaceae	Hymenocardia acida	0.35	1.04	1.1
Rubiaceae	Hymenodictyon floribundum	0.03	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Isoberlinia angolensis	0.51	0.27	1.95
Fabaceae	Julbernardia globiflora	1.62	4.84	0.95
Rubiaceae	Keetia venosa	0.03	0.00	0
Bignoniaceae	Kigelia africana	0.03	0.02	0
Anacardiaceae	Lannea schimperi	0.78	0.90	0.45
Fabaceae	Lonchocarpus capassa	0.24	0.16	0.05
Chrysobalanaceae	Magnistipula butayei ssp. Bangweolensis	0.27	0.16	0.35
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica	0.00	0.00	1.3
Euphorbiaceae	Maprounea africana	0.08	0.06	0
Phyllanthaceae	Margaritaria discoidea	0.14	0.00	0
Bignoniaceae	Markhamia obtusifolia	0.03	0.10	0.2
Celastraceae	Maytenus mossambicensis	0.00	0.18	0
	Maytenus senegalensis	0.03	0.02	0.05
Melastomataceae	Memecylon flavovirens	0.00	0.04	0
Dipterocarpaceae	Monotes africanus	0.51	0.16	0
	Monotes sp.	0.00	0.06	0
Ochnaceae	Ochna mossambicensis	0.14	0.61	0.15
	Ochna schweinfurthiana	0.22	0.39	0.3
Picrodendraceae	Oldfieldia dactylophylla	0.46	0.35	0.5
Fabaceae	Ormocarpum kirkii	0.08	0.04	0
Anacardiaceae	Ozoroa insignis	0.27	0.04	0
Chrysobalanaceae	Parinari curatellifolia	0.65	0.39	0.5
Fabaceae	Pericopsis angolensis	0.65	0.92	1.75
Arecaceae	Phoenix reclinata	0.05	0.00	0
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus sp.	0.08	0.00	0
Ixonanthaceae	Phyllocosmus lemaireanus	0.03	0.71	0.05
Fabaceae	Piliostigma thonningii	0.16	0.18	1.45
Celastraceae	Pleurostylia africana	0.05	0.04	0.05
Proteaceae	Protea sp.	0.00	0.06	0
Rosaceae	Prunus africana	0.03	0.00	0
Phyllanthaceae	Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia	0.97	1.61	4.45
Ixonanthaceae	Psorospermum febrifugum	0.11	0.00	0
Fabaceae	Pterocarpus angolensis	0.51	1.08	0.6
	Pterocarpus tinctorius	0.03	0.08	0
Anacardiaceae	Rhus anchietae	0.08	0.00	0
Rubiaceae	Rothmannia engleriana	0.05	0.00	0
Oleaceae	Schrebera trichoclada	0.08	0.06	0.35
Anacardiaceae	Sclerocarya birrea	0.03	0.00	0
Polygalaceae	Securidaca longipedunculata	0.03	0.04	0
Fabaceae	Senna singueana	0.00	0.02	0
Sapotaceae	Sideroxylon sp.	0.00	0.04	0
Umbelliferae	Steganotaenia araliacea	0.00	0.02	0
Loganiaceae	Strychnos cocculoides	0.00	0.02	0
	Strychnos innocua	0.05	0.04	0
	Strychnos madagascariensis	0.03	0.10	0
	Strychnos potatorum	0.16	0.22	0
	Strychnos pungens	0.05	0.22	0
	Strychnos spinosa	0.16	0.02	0.1
Myrtaceae	Syzygium cordatum	0.59	0.00	0
	Syzygium guineense	0.30	0.18	0.05
Combretaceae	Terminalia mollis	0.54	0.18	0.25
	Terminalia sericea	0.43	0.02	1.6
	Terminalia stenostachya	0.54	0.00	0.35
Hibiscus	Thespesia garckeana	0.03	0.29	0
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia sp.	0.08	0.00	0
Meliaceae	Turraea robusta	0.00	0.14	0
Phyllanthaceae	Uapaca kirkiana	0.95	0.59	0
	Uapaca nitida	0.30	0.06	0.1
Verbenaceae	Vitex doniana	0.22	0.04	0.25
	Vitex mombassae	0.03	0.06	0
Olacaceae	Ximenia americana	0.00	0.41	0
	Ximenia caffra	0.05	0.04	0
Sapindaceae	Zanha africana	0.22	0.02	0
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum chalybeum	0.00	0.08	0
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus abyssinica	0.05	0.12	0.15
	Ziziphus mucronata	0.00	0.08	0

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