Supplementary Appendices
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Appendices: Jew et al., Miombo woodland under threat.
Table S: Utilisation and land cover variables used to determine the level of utilisation of each site. The average value of each variable for each level was calculated (Sites: High n=2; Medium n=4; Low n=3). One way ANOVA results (df = 2 for all variables) are given to demonstrate differences between each level. Where a significant difference was demonstrated between the levels the post-hoc test Tukey HSD was performed to ascertain which levels differed. P< 0.05 indicates a significant difference.
Variable
Site utilisation level
One-way ANOVA
P-value for Tukey HSD post-hoc test
High
Medium
Low
Sum of Squares
Mean squares
F value
P-value
Low-High
Low-Medium
Medium - High
Approximate distance (km)
From settlement
4
5
11
88.17
44.09
2.44
0.167
-
-
-
From road
2
4
10
108.24
54.12
5.764
0.0401
0.0534
0.0686
0.7738
Age (years)
Of agriculture
17
13
1
374.3
187.15
4,287
0.0698
-
-
-
Land use (% cover)
Agricultural area
49
21
0
2812
1406
25.05
0.00122
0.0009
0.0244
0.0131
Regenerating miombo
20
1
0
605
302.5
10.56
0.0108
0.0146
0.982
0.0136
Seasonal floodplain
2
8
2
70.15
35.07
3.225
0.112
-
-
-
Open miombo
30
70
97
5499
2749.3
16.21
0.00381
0.003
0.0777
0.0261
Utilisation (%)
Cut poles and timber
29
20
3
939.2
469.6
15.35
0.00437
0.0045
0.0163
0.1915
Cattle tracks present
13
31
3
1428
714
0.732
0.519
-
-
-
Utilisation Activity (number of incidents)
Access
46
31
6
2081
1040.3
41.34
0.00031
0.0003
0.0016
0.0274
Agriculture-related
6
2
0
33.81
16.917
16.46
0.00366
0.0033
0.3526
0.0092
Charcoal production area
2
0
0
6.222
3.1111
9.333
0.0144
0.021
1
0.01673
Honey-related activity
13
26
25
279
139.49
2.114
0.202
-
-
-
Marked trees
55
30
16
1755.6
877.8
6.197
0.0347
0.0292
0.3654
0.11578
Non-Timber Forest Product
8
18
7
227.9
113.94
1.477
0.301
-
-
-
Settlement - related
8
5
0
66.97
33.49
2.052
0.209
-
-
-
Timber products
26
31
4
1327.6
663.8
5.111
0.0506
-
-
-
Stumps
27
6
4
1871
935.5
13.49
6.28E-06
0.0000032
0.094
0.001
Table S2: Differences between tree species abundance, richness and diversity at different utilisation levels, using one-way ANOVA (df =2 for all variables). The post-hoc test Tukey HSD was performed on significant ANOVA results to determine how the levels differed. Two sites from each utilisation level were used to ensure even sampling. P< 0.05 indicates a significant difference.
One-way ANOVA
P-values for Tukey HSD
Tree
Sum of Squares
Mean squares
F value
P-value
Low-High
Low-Medium
Medium - High
Abundance
1756
878.1
1.109
0.336
-
-
-
Richness
59.3
29.67
0.854
0.431
-
-
-
Diversity
4.48
2.2417
4.094
0.0214
0.01627
0.51736
0.1935
Table S3: Frequency of occurrence of tree species per plot per utilisation level
Frequency per utilisation plot
Family
Species
Low
Medium
High
Mimosoideae
Acacia gerrardii
0.03
0.00
0
Acacia hockii
0.08
0.00
0
Acacia macrothyrsa
0.03
0.00
0
Acacia sieberiana
0.08
0.00
0
Acacia xanthophloea
0.11
0.08
0.4
Acacia zeyheri
0.00
0.00
0.3
Fabaceae
Afzelia quanzensis
0.08
0.00
0
Mimosoideae
Albizia adianthifolia
0.08
0.00
0
Albizia antunesiana
0.00
0.04
0.35
Albizia glaberrima
0.00
0.02
0.2
Albizia harveyi
0.08
0.04
0
Sapindaceae
Allophylus africanus
0.03
0.00
0.1
Allophylus sp.
0.00
0.06
0
Anisophylleaceae
Anisophyllea boehmii
0.00
1.47
0
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis
0.05
0.02
0
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma venosum
0.24
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Bauhinia petersiana
0.68
0.00
0
Melianthaceae
Bersama abyssinica
0.03
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Bobgunnia madagascariensis
0.08
0.37
0.35
Capparaceae
Boscia mossambicensis
0.00
0.08
0
Boscia salicifolia
0.00
0.00
0.05
Fabaceae
Brachystegia boehmii
1.46
2.06
0.25
Brachystegia glaucescens
0.70
0.00
0
Brachystegia longifolia
0.57
0.71
0.15
Brachystegia manga
0.00
0.90
0
Brachystegia spiciformis
1.16
2.04
0
Brachystegia utilis
0.05
0.02
0
Euphorbiaceae
Bridelia duvigneaudii
0.03
0.00
0.7
Bridelia micrantha
0.08
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Burkea africana
0.27
1.06
0.1
Rubiaceae
Canthium sp.
0.00
0.02
0
Rhizophoraceae
Cassipourea mollis
0.16
0.16
0.3
Rubiaceae
Catunaregam spinosa
0.32
0.10
0.9
Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum sp.
0.00
0.00
1.65
Combretaceae
Combretum collinum
0.27
0.22
0.4
Combretum molle
0.30
0.16
0.3
Combretum pentagonum
0.03
0.27
0.15
Combretum zeyheri
1.86
0.14
6
Burseraceae
Commiphora africana
0.46
0.31
0.05
Commiphora mossambicensis
0.32
0.02
0.05
Araliaceae
Cussonia arborea
0.32
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Dalbergia nitidula
0.08
0.20
0.2
Fabaceae
Dichrostachys cinerea
0.32
0.06
0.55
Ebenaceae
Diospyros fischeri
0.11
0.00
0
Apocynaceae
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon
0.51
1.20
1.55
Streculiaceae
Dombeya rotundifolia
0.05
0.00
0
Meliaceae
Ekebergia capensis
0.00
0.06
0
Papilionoideae
Erythrina abyssinica
0.08
0.02
0
Proteaceae
Faurea rochetiana
0.24
0.08
0
Salicaceae
Flacourtia indica
0.24
0.06
0.15
Clusiaceae
Garcinia huillensis
0.00
0.04
0
Rubiaceae
Gardenia ternifolia
0.03
0.00
0
Malavaceae
Grewia pachycalyx
0.11
0.00
0
Annonaceae
Hexalobus monopetalus
0.19
0.49
0.6
Phyllanthaceae
Hymenocardia acida
0.35
1.04
1.1
Rubiaceae
Hymenodictyon floribundum
0.03
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Isoberlinia angolensis
0.51
0.27
1.95
Fabaceae
Julbernardia globiflora
1.62
4.84
0.95
Rubiaceae
Keetia venosa
0.03
0.00
0
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana
0.03
0.02
0
Anacardiaceae
Lannea schimperi
0.78
0.90
0.45
Fabaceae
Lonchocarpus capassa
0.24
0.16
0.05
Chrysobalanaceae
Magnistipula butayei ssp. Bangweolensis
0.27
0.16
0.35
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica
0.00
0.00
1.3
Euphorbiaceae
Maprounea africana
0.08
0.06
0
Phyllanthaceae
Margaritaria discoidea
0.14
0.00
0
Bignoniaceae
Markhamia obtusifolia
0.03
0.10
0.2
Celastraceae
Maytenus mossambicensis
0.00
0.18
0
Maytenus senegalensis
0.03
0.02
0.05
Melastomataceae
Memecylon flavovirens
0.00
0.04
0
Dipterocarpaceae
Monotes africanus
0.51
0.16
0
Monotes sp.
0.00
0.06
0
Ochnaceae
Ochna mossambicensis
0.14
0.61
0.15
Ochna schweinfurthiana
0.22
0.39
0.3
Picrodendraceae
Oldfieldia dactylophylla
0.46
0.35
0.5
Fabaceae
Ormocarpum kirkii
0.08
0.04
0
Anacardiaceae
Ozoroa insignis
0.27
0.04
0
Chrysobalanaceae
Parinari curatellifolia
0.65
0.39
0.5
Fabaceae
Pericopsis angolensis
0.65
0.92
1.75
Arecaceae
Phoenix reclinata
0.05
0.00
0
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus sp.
0.08
0.00
0
Ixonanthaceae
Phyllocosmus lemaireanus
0.03
0.71
0.05
Fabaceae
Piliostigma thonningii
0.16
0.18
1.45
Celastraceae
Pleurostylia africana
0.05
0.04
0.05
Proteaceae
Protea sp.
0.00
0.06
0
Rosaceae
Prunus africana
0.03
0.00
0
Phyllanthaceae
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia
0.97
1.61
4.45
Ixonanthaceae
Psorospermum febrifugum
0.11
0.00
0
Fabaceae
Pterocarpus angolensis
0.51
1.08
0.6
Pterocarpus tinctorius
0.03
0.08
0
Anacardiaceae
Rhus anchietae
0.08
0.00
0
Rubiaceae
Rothmannia engleriana
0.05
0.00
0
Oleaceae
Schrebera trichoclada
0.08
0.06
0.35
Anacardiaceae
Sclerocarya birrea
0.03
0.00
0
Polygalaceae
Securidaca longipedunculata
0.03
0.04
0
Fabaceae
Senna singueana
0.00
0.02
0
Sapotaceae
Sideroxylon sp.
0.00
0.04
0
Umbelliferae
Steganotaenia araliacea
0.00
0.02
0
Loganiaceae
Strychnos cocculoides
0.00
0.02
0
Strychnos innocua
0.05
0.04
0
Strychnos madagascariensis
0.03
0.10
0
Strychnos potatorum
0.16
0.22
0
Strychnos pungens
0.05
0.22
0
Strychnos spinosa
0.16
0.02
0.1
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cordatum
0.59
0.00
0
Syzygium guineense
0.30
0.18
0.05
Combretaceae
Terminalia mollis
0.54
0.18
0.25
Terminalia sericea
0.43
0.02
1.6
Terminalia stenostachya
0.54
0.00
0.35
Hibiscus
Thespesia garckeana
0.03
0.29
0
Rubiaceae
Tricalysia sp.
0.08
0.00
0
Meliaceae
Turraea robusta
0.00
0.14
0
Phyllanthaceae
Uapaca kirkiana
0.95
0.59
0
Uapaca nitida
0.30
0.06
0.1
Verbenaceae
Vitex doniana
0.22
0.04
0.25
Vitex mombassae
0.03
0.06
0
Olacaceae
Ximenia americana
0.00
0.41
0
Ximenia caffra
0.05
0.04
0
Sapindaceae
Zanha africana
0.22
0.02
0
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum chalybeum
0.00
0.08
0
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus abyssinica
0.05
0.12
0.15
Ziziphus mucronata
0.00
0.08
0