Tezislər / Theses

DOUBLE HYDROXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR 
APPLICATION IN THE CONTAMINATED WATER TREATMENT 
Ayshan Zulfiyeva Novruz, Taliya Mammadhasanzada Elmar, Ali Aliyev Tahir 
Baku Higher Oil School 
Baku, Azerbaijan 
[e-mail], [e-mail], 
[e-mail]
Supervisor: Amir Reza Vakhshouri 
Keywords: 
Photocatalysis, Layered Double Hydroxide, Diffusion
 
Massive amounts of a wide range of pollutants have posed a significant 
threat to the environment and human health as a result of the fast global rise 
of industrialization and anthropogenic impacts. As an ecologically friendly 
method, solar photocatalytic decontamination is praised as a feasible option 
for removing water contaminants. Various photocatalysts were already 

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designed for water treatment purposes until now. Amongst them, layered 
double hydroxides (LDHs) are advantageous for photocatalytic reactions 
with their modifiable compositions and various morphological benefits, such 
as wide chemical characteristics, huge interlamellar spaces forming composites 
with other functional species, ion-exchange capabilities, and wide distribution 
of surface-active sites. (Benício, et al., 2015) 
As photocatalysts with great electron transferring abilities and 
outstanding geometric properties, LDH materials that contain transition metal 
cations in their hydroxide layers become of considerable significance with a 
special emphasis on LDHs containing Zn which are well known for their strong 
photocatalytic performance and chemical stability, nontoxicity, low cost, and 
accessibility. (Xu, et al., 2015) (Gholami, Khataee, Soltani, Dinpazhoh, & 
Bhatnagar, 2020) (Wang, et al., 2021). Nanostructured layered double 
hydroxides (LDH) with distinctive diffusion characteristics, a wide surface 
area, and advantageous properties have been developed recently for a 
variety of well-established and innovative implementations. Unfortunately, 
pure LDHs have several disadvantages, including inadequate visible light 
consumption and high electron-hole pair recombination rates which lead to 
photocatalytic efficiency degradation. Taking into account all the advantages 
mentioned earlier, LDH hybrids have outstanding photocatalytic capabilities 
for application in the treatment of wastewater. (Tang, Qiu, Lu, & Shi, 2020). 
Doping the metals has shown to be the most efficient technique of altering 
the internal electronic structure while boosting the absorption of light, hence 
enhancing the photocatalytic effectiveness of semiconducting materials. 
Aside from Zn-containing LDHs, hydrocalumite, i.e., Ca–Al LDH, has also 
been extensively researched for its potential of biomedical and environmental 
implications owing to its water-soluble features, eco-friendliness, and excellent 
biocompatibility (Xie et al., 2021). 
In this research, the co-precipitation technique was used to synthesize 
Ca substituted ternary ZnAl-LDH photocatalyst material (Zn/Al/Ca LDH) with 
a well-crystallized structure, which demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic 
activity in comparison to the original ZnAl-LDH. On the presumption of 
Ca:Zn:Al should be 1:1:1, the required amounts of metal hydrates were 
diluted with deionized water while being constantly mixed with a magnetic 
stirrer. The appropriate concentration of a NaOH solution was then poured 
to keep the pH around 10, and the solution was kept at 60°C for 24 hours. 
Centrifugation was used for separating the precipitate, which afterward was 
washed two times and dried at 40°C. Via calcination of the LDH for 3 hours 
at 300°C, the MMO was finally prepared. XRD analyses of composites proved 
their successfully synthesis. In conclusion, the morphological and 
compositional characteristics of hydrocalumite type LDH containing 
Zn/Al/Ca composition was examined. The toxic metals and organic 

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