partially reacted in situ, resulting in weakening
through dissolution effects in the hydrated matrix.
This lack of reactivity and strength reiterated the
unique strengthening and rheology modification of
tartaric acid
[9,13,14]
.
Phosphoric acid
The initial increase in strength of the cement
caused by phosphoric acid may be due primarily to
the role of phosphoric acid in cross-linking the
network. Phosphate in the dentin or enamel
structure may contribute to bonding with tooth
structure
[15,16]
; in a similar manner the phospho-
ric acid in the matrix may contribute to cross-linking
of the carboxylic acid groups, or, as phosphate,
precipitate into the glass-ionomer matrix
[17]
.
Previous work has demonstrated the efficacy of
calcium phosphate incorporation as an amorphous
solid in the powder component
[18]
, though an
assessment of the existence and distribution of
calcium or strontium phosphates in the final, set
cement may be the topic for a subsequent study.
The low dissociation constant for phosphoric acid
(pK
a
Z
2.12) ensures its reactivity in the glass-
ionomer system. Improvements in strength with 1
or 2% w/w phosphoric acid addition to the
liquid
may be due to its ability to cross-link the matrix,
and act as a matrix-former itself
[19]
. Several
studies have analyzed the role of phosphoric acid
in analogous cement formation and in bonding
[20–22]
, though none has focused on the role of
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Percentage H
3
PO
4
in liquid
Compressive Strength (MPa)
P:L ratio 3:1
P:L ratio 3.4:1
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 2
Compressive strength of glass-ionomer
cements with phosphoric acid incorporated in liquid at
powder:liquid ratios of 3:1 and 3.4:1.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Percentage H
3
BO
3
in
powder
Compressive Strength (MPa)
P:L ratio 3:1
P:L ratio 3.55:1
Figure 1
Compressive strength of glass-ionomer
cements with boric acid incorporated in powder at
powder:liquid ratios of 3:1 and 3.55:1.
Table 2
Compressive strength of glass-ionomer
cements with phosphoric acid incorporated in liquid
at two powder:liquid ratios.
Compressive strength, MPa
% Phosphoric acid
in liquid
Powder:liquid ratio
3:1
3.4:1
0
105.1 (0.3)
b
119.8 (8.4)
a
1
119.4 (1.1)
a
123.5 (6.9)
a
2
118.7 (2.2)
a
117.1 (2.7)
a
3
100.9 (1.6)
c
102.5 (2.8)
b
7
48.2 (2.8)
d
Unable to form
cement
Numbers in brackets are SD; superscripts denote significant
differences (
p
!
0.05) within columns.
n
Z
12 for each group.
L.H. Prentice et al.
96