The Idea of Pakistan

End Notes 
1
Qur’ an, XCV:4 
2
Qur’an XXXIII: 72, 121 
3
See my paper “ The Rise of Muslim Umma at Mecca and Its Integration,” Hamdard
Islamicus,
Karachi, Vol: V, No:3, Autumn 1982, pp.59-74. 
4
See my paper, “The Foundation of Islamic State at Medina and Its Constitution,
Islamic
Studies, Islamabad, Vol: XXI, No:3, Autumn 1982, pp.61-88. 
5
Muhammad Hamidullah, The First Written Constitution in the World, Lahore 1958,
pp. 1-20. 
6
Srakhsi, Sharah al-Siyar al-Kabir, Dar al-=Ma’ arif Hyderabad Deccan, 1355 A.H 
7
Abu Bakr al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Qur’an, Istanbul 1355 A.H. Vol:3,
Al-Kasani, 
Bada’ i’ Al-Sana’i’ fi Tartib al-Shara’i’ Vol:7,
Abu 
Yusuf, 
Kitab Al-Kharaj, Cairo 1382 A.H. PP. 63, 128-29. 
Al-Baladhuri, Futuh Al-Buldan, (Eng. Tr. By P.K. Hitti under the title The Origin
of Islamic
State), Beirut 1966, P. 121. 
8
Al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, Op. Cit. P. 123 
9
Abd al-Karim Zaydan, Ahkam al-Dhimmiyin wa’I-Musta’ Mini fi’ Dar al-Islam,
Baghdad (1
st
. ed. 1963) P. 28. 
10
Al-Kasani, Bada’I’, op. cit. Vol: 7, P. 111. 
11
Qur’an, IX: 29 
12
Abu Bakr al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Qur’an, op. cit. Vol:1, P.142 Ibne Kathir,
Tafsir, Vol:3, P.347 
13
Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, Cairo 1324 A.H. Vol:X, PP. 278-79. 
Aghanides, 
Muhammadan Theories of Finance, Lahore 1961, P. 397. 
Al-Mawardi, 
Ahkam al-Sultaniyah, Cairo 1298 A.H. P.136 
14
Sarakhsi, Sharah al-Siyar al-Kabir, op. cit. Vol:3, P.254
Al-Mabsut, op. cit. Vol:X, P. 77 
Al-Kasani, op. cit. Vol:7, P.111 
15
Ziauddin Ahmad, The Concept of Jizyah in Early Islam, Islamic Studies,
Islamabad, Vol:XIV, No.4, Winter 1975, PP.293-305 
16
Ibid. 
17
Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, op. cit. PP.122f and 144. 
18
Ibid, p.122f. Hidayah, Vol:2, P.1040 
19
Al-Baladhuri, op. cit. p.211, Abu Yusfu, P. 139 
20
Khalifah Abdul Hakim, Islamic Ideology, Lahore, 1974, P.184 
21
Sarakhsi, op. cit. Sharah, Vol:I, p.207 
22
Qur’an, V:32 
23
Qur’an , II: 190, 193 
24
Durr al-Mukhtar, Vol:3, P.203 
25
Al-Ayni, Umdah al-Qari Sharah Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol:IX, P.94 
26
Yahya bin Adam, Kitab al-Kharaj, P.75 Abud Yusuf, P.125 
Abu 
Dawud, 
Sunan, Vol:2, P.255. 
27
Durr al-Mukhtar, Vol:3, PP.273-74 
28
Suyuti, Jalal al-Din, Al-Jami al-Saghir min Hadith al-Bashir al-Nadhir, Vol:2,
P.433 
29
Al-Shafi’I, Kitab al-Umm, Vol:4, PP.127-28. 
Al-Tabari, 
Tarikh, Leiden 1964, P. 2482. 
30
Sarakhsi, Sharah, op. cit. Vol:I, P.140. 
127

---

31
Abn Qudamah, Al-Mughni (Egypt, 3
rd
ed. 1367 A.H.) Vol:8, P.445 
Al-Kasani, Vol:7, P.111 
Al-Tabari, 
Tarikh, PP.2055, 2405-6 
32
When one Abbasid Salih b. Alii b. Abdullah b. Abbas banished some ahl al- 
dhimma from the hill tracts of Lubnan because some of them had indulged 
themselves in subversive activities against the state, Imam Awza’i condemned the 
action of the ruler for his maltreatment of all the dhimmis. For details see al-
Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, P.222, Abu Ubayaed, Kitab al-Amwal, PP.170-71. 
and Abud Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, PP.124-25. 
33
Al-Mawardi, Ahkam al-Sultanaiyah, P.151. 
34
Ibn Qudamah, Al-Mughni, Vol:8, P.529. Imam Ahmad, Musnad, VI:275. 
35
Ibn Qudamah, op. cit. PP.529-30. Shaukani, Nayl al-Awtar, VIII:65. 
36
Ibn ‘Abidin, Imam Muhammad Amin, Radd al-Mukhtar ‘ Ala Durr al-Mukhtar,
Sharah
Tanwir al-Absar, al-Matba, al-Uthmaniyah, 1327 A.H. Vol:3, P.346 
37
Abu ‘Ubayd, Kitab al-Amwal, op. cit. P.127 
38
Qur’an. 
39
Those prisoners of war in the battle of Badr, who were not in a position to pay their
ransome money were asked to educated the children of Muslims and get themselves 
released in lieu thereof. This precedent of the Prophet points to the fact that non-
Muslims may be employed to impart secular education to Muslims in the Islamic 
state.
40
Al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, op. cit. P.215 
41
Qur’an, XXIIV: 27-28 
42
Shaykh al-Imam Kamaluddin, Fath al-Qadir, Vol:II, p.504 
43
Qur’an, V: 42-48 
44
Fatawa, Alamgiri, Cairo 1310 A.H. Vol:II, P.357 
45
Qur’an XXII: 40 
46
Qur’an, II: 256 
47
Qur’an, XVI: 125 
48
Al-Kasani, op. cit. Vol:7, P.114 
49
Al-Mughni, op. cit. Vol:8, P.527 
50
Al-Kasani, op. cit. Vol:7, P.114 
51
Sarakhsi, Sharah, op. cit. Vol:3, P.253 
52
Durr al-Mukhtar, Vol:3, P.374 
53
Al-Tabari, Ikhtilaf al-Fuqaha, Leiden 1933, P. 236 
54
Srakhsi, Sharah, op. cit. Vol:3, PP. 252-52 
Al-Kasani, op. cit. Vol:7, P.113 
55
Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, op. cit. P.138 
56
Sarakhsi, Sharah, Vol:7, P.113 
57
Sarakhsi, Al-Mabsut, op. cit. Vol:V, PP. 38-41 
58
Abu Bakr al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Qur’an, Vol:2, P.436 
59
Abu Yusuf, Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj, op. cit. P.144 
60
Al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, P.198 
61
Abu Yusuf, op. cit. P. 144 
62
Abd al-Karim Zaydan, Ahkam al-Dhimmiyin, op. cit. P.77 
63
The Foundation of the Islamic State at Medina and Its constitution, op cit. PP.61-
88 
64
Al-Mawardi, op. cit. P.84 
65
Abid, P. 5 
66
Abd al-Karim Zaydan, op. cit. P.84 
67
Al-Mawardi, op. cit. P.27 
68
Maududi, Islami Riyasat (Urdu) Lahore 1979, PP. 598-99. 
69
Qur’an, III:75 
128

---

70
Qur’an, XLIX:12 
71
When Heraclius massed his troops against the Muslims and the latter heard that
they were coming to meet them at Yarmuk, they refunded the Kharaj collected from 
non-Muslims saying: 
“We are too busy to support and protect you. Take care of 
yourselves.” 
The people of Hims however, said: 
“We like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyranny in 
which we were (before coming under your protection).” 
Hence they refused to take back the kharaj and fought on the side of Muslims.
Al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, op. cit. P.211. 
72
Dorothy M. Pickles, Introduction to Politics, London 1972, PP. 164f. 
129

---

Document Outline

• THE CONCEPT OF DHIMMA AND DHIMMI