54
The accent falls on the third syllable from the end of the word before the following
suffixes:
- logy
psychology
[sa
ɪ
'k
l
əʤɪ
]
- logist
biologist
[ba
ɪ
'
l
əʤɪ
st]
- graphy
geography
[
ʤɪ
'
ɡ
r
ə
f
ɪ
]
- grapher
geographer
[
ʤɪ
'
ɡ
r
ə
f
ə
]
- cracy
democracy
[d
ɪ
'm
kr
ə
s
ɪ
]
The accent falls on the second syllable from the end of the word before the following
suffixes:
- ian
physician
[f
ɪ
'z
ɪ
n]
- ience
experience
[
ɪ
ks'p
ɪə
r
ɪə
ns]
- ient
expedient
[
ɪ
ks'pi:dj
ə
nt]
- cient
efficient
[
ɪ
'f
ɪ
ə
nt]
- al
parental
[p
ə
'rentl]
- ial
essential
[
ɪ
'sen
l]
- ual
habitual
[h
ə
'b
ɪ
t
u
ə
l]
- eous
courageous
[k
ə
're
ɪʤə
s]
- ious
delicious
[d
ɪ
'l
ɪ
ə
s]
- iar
familiar
[f
ə
'm
ɪ
lj
ə
]
The accent falls on the final syllable formed by the following suffixes: -
ee
, -
eer
, -
ier
, -
ade
, -
esque
. The root syllable in such words has secondary accent.
refuge
['refju:
ʤ
] -
refugee
[
refju:'
ʤ
i:]
employ
[
ɪ
m'pl
ɪ
]
-
employee
[
empl
ɪ
'i:]
engine
['en
ʤɪ
n]
-
engineer
[
en
ʤɪ
'n
ɪ
ə
]
picture
['p
ɪ
k
ʧə
]
-
picturesque
[
p
ɪ
k
ʧə
'resk]
Most words of more than four syllables have two stresses: primary (nuclear) and
secondary.
The primary stress falls either on the third or the second syllable from the end.
In most words the secondary stress falls on the syllable separated from the nuclear
syllable by one unstressed syllable, e.g.
pronunciation
[
pr
ə
n
ns
ɪ
'e
ɪ
n]
governmental
[
g
vn'ment
ə
l]
In many derivative nouns the secondary stress falls on the same syllable which has the
primary stress in the original word. In such nouns the syllable
with the secondary stress
may be separated from the nuclear syllable by two or even three unstressed syllables, e.g.
organize
['
:
ɡə
na
ɪ
z]
→
organization
[
:
ɡə
na
ɪ
'ze
ɪ
n]
experiment
[
ɪ
ks'per
ɪ
m
ə
nt]
→
experimentation
[
ɪ
ks
per
ɪ
men'te
ɪ
n]
peculiar
[p
ɪ
'kju:lj
ə
]
→
peculiarity
[p
ɪ
kju:l
ɪ
'ær
ɪ
t
ɪ
]
55
If the original word has both a primary and a secondary stress, the secondary stress in
the derivative word remains on the same syllable, while the primary stress changes its
place and falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix.
recommend
[
rek
ə
'mend]
→
recommendation
[
rek
ə
men'de
ɪ
n]
represent
[
repr
ɪ
'zent]
→
representation
[
repr
ɪ
zen'te
ɪ
n]
Most English words which have two primary stresses
are formed with prefixes or
suffixes. One of two primary stresses falls on the root syllable, the other on the suffix or
the prefix, e.g.
trustee
['tr
s'ti:]
Chinese
[ '
ʧ
a
ɪ
'ni:z]
illegal
['
ɪ
'l
ɪ
:
ɡə
l]
Numerals from 13 to 19 are pronounced with two primary stresses: the first primary
stress falls on the root syllable and the nuclear stress falls on the suff ix –
teen
, e.g.
fourteen
['f
:'ti:n]
sixteen
['s
ɪ
ks'ti:n]
Words with separable prefixes also have two primary stresses. They are as follows:
1)
un-, dis, non-, in-, il-, im-, ir-
as negative prefixes, e.g.
unknown
['
n'noun]
non – final
['n
n'fa
ɪ
nl]
unable
['
n'e
ɪ
bl]
inartistic
['
ɪ
na:'t
ɪ
st
ɪ
k]
disappear
['d
ɪ
s
ə
'p
ɪə
]
illegitimate
['
ɪ
l
ɪ
'
ʤɪ
t
ɪ
m
ɪ
t]
disbelief
['disb
ɪ
'li:f]
immaterial
['
ɪ
m
ə
't
ɪə
r
ɪə
l]
non – party
['n
n'pa:t
ɪ
]
irregular
['
ɪ
're
ɡ
jul
ə
]
2)
ex -
meaning “former”, e.g.
exminister
['eks'm
ɪ
n
ɪ
st
ə
]
expresident
['eks'prez
ɪ
d
ə
nt]
3)
re –
[ri:] denoting repetition, e.g.
reorganize
['ri:'
:
ɡə
na
ɪ
z]
rewrite
['ri:'ra
ɪ
t]
4)
under -
with various meanings, e.g.
underdo
['
nd
ə
'du:]
underfeed
['
nd
ə
'fi:d]
5)
anti -
meaning “contrary to”, “against”, e.g.
antiwar
['ænt
ɪ
'w
:]
antiseptic
['ænt
ɪ
'sept
ɪ
k]
6)
sub -
meaning “subordinate”, “assistant”, e.g.
sub-librarian
['s
bla
ɪ
'bre
ə
r
ɪə
n]
sub-editor
['s
b'ed
ɪ
t
ə
]
7)
inter –
meaning “among”, “within”, e.g.
international
['
ɪ
nt
ə
'næ
nl]
interchange
['
ɪ
nt
ə
'
ʧ
e
ɪ
n
ʤ
]
8)
mis –
meaning “wrong”, e.g.
misinterpret
['m
ɪ
s
ɪ
n't
ə
:pr
ɪ
t]
misbehave
['m
ɪ
sb
ɪ
'he
ɪ
v]
9)
vice –
meaning “in place of”, e.g.
vice-president
['va
ɪ
s'prez
ɪ
d
ə
nt]
vice-admiral
['va
ɪ
s'ædm
ə
r
ə
l]
10)
over –
meaning “too much”, e.g.
overexcite
['
ə
uv
ə
r
ɪ
k'sa
ɪ
t]
overanxious
['
əu
v
ə
r'æŋk
ə
s]
11)
pre –
meaning “before”, “beforehand”, e.g.
56
prewar
['pri:'w
: ]
prepaid
['pri:'pe
ɪ
d]
12)
out –
meaning “surpass”, “do more than”, e.g.
outdo
['aut'du:]
outgo
['aut'
ɡəu
]
13)
arch –
meaning “chief”, e.g.
arch – heretic
['a
ʧ
'her
ɪ
t
ɪ
k]
archbishop
['a:
ʧ
'b
ɪ
ə
p]
14)
ultra
– meaning “utmost”, e.g.
ultracritical
['
ltr
ə
'kr
ɪ
t
ɪ
kl]
ultramodern
['
ltr
ə
'm
dn]
We have been dealing up to now with the accentual structure of simple and derivative
words.
Now we shall analyze the accentual structure of compound words.
The place of word–stress in English compound nouns principally depends on the
semantic factor, that is to say, the element which determines
the meaning of the whole
compound has a primary stress. Some compound nouns have single stress, others have two
stresses. Single stress compound nouns with the nuclear accent on the first element are by
far the most common, e.g.
bookcase
['bukke
ɪ
s]
dining - room
['da
ɪ
n
ɪ
ŋrum]
There are some compound nouns which have:
a)
the nuclear accent on the second element, the
first being unstressed, e.g.
mankind
[mæn'ka
ɪ
nd]
shortcoming
[
:t'k
m
ɪ
ŋ]
b)
the nuclear accent on the first element and the secondary on the second which is
pronounced on a low level pitch, e.g.
hair - dresser
['he
ə
dres
ə
]
c)
the pre–nuclear primary accent on the 1
st
element and the nuclear one on the 2
nd
, e.g.
ice-cream
['a
ɪ
s'kri:m]
arm–chair
['a:m'
ʧeə
]
tea-pot
['ti:'p
t]
Compound adjectives have as a rule, primary stress on each element of the compound,
e.g.
well – known
['wel'n
əu
n]
absent – minded
['æbs
ə
nt'ma
ɪ
nd
ɪ
d]
hard - working
['ha:d 'w
ə
:k
ɪ
ŋ]
light - blue
['la
ɪ
t 'blu:]
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