The Nature Fakers Controversy
When
introducing Seton’s work at the beginning of his article, Burroughs
amends the title of
Wild Animals I Have Known
to “Wild Animals I ALONE Have
Known” in order to “correspond with the facts” (129). He goes on to declare that:
“Such dogs, wolves, foxes, rabbits, mustangs, crows as he has known, it is safe
to say, no other person in the world has ever known. Fact and fiction are so
Allmark-Kent 138
deftly blended in his work that only a r
eal woodsman can separate them” (129).
Again, it is noteworthy that Burroughs repeats that only a
real
woodsman can
recognize Seton’s deception. Simultaneously, he validates the knowledge of the
non-scientific expert, excludes the public
from the category of ‘real’ woodsmen,
and reasserts his
own authority to identify both ‘sham’ naturalists and ‘sham’
natural history. He implies, more
over, that any defence of Seton’s work would
indicate an inability to distinguish between fact and fiction. Of course, all of
these qualifications are necessary because Burroughs cannot dismiss Seton's
animal protagon
ists in the same way as Roberts’. Seton writes with his own
authority
—he is not ‘just’ a writer like Roberts—and so his claims of truth are
more problematic. For in
stance, when dismissing Roberts’ supposedly
anthropomorphic representations, Burroughs almost enters into a discussion
about animal psyc
hology. He concedes that it is “mainly guesswork how far our
psychology applies to the lower animals,
” yet also asserts that there can be “no
doubt” that animals “experience many of our emotions,” but there is “grave
doubt” about whether “they have intellectual and reasoning processes like our
own, ex
cept in a very rudimentary form” (131). He acknowledges the difficulties
and ambiguities of studying animal minds, yet is compelled to maintain the
absolute terms of the debate. Hence h
e declares: “I need not go into that vexed
subject here” (131). Burroughs evades the rhetorical quandary by emphasizing
the fanci
ful anthropomorphism of Roberts’ work. He “need not” enter into a
discussion of animal psychology because neither Roberts
’ animal characters
nor his authority justify it. As we will see, however, it is a different case for
Seton.
In the January 1899 edition of the journal
Science
, there is a review of
Wild Animals I Have Known
, which opens: “Rarely are the qualities of naturalist,
Allmark-Kent 139
writer and artist combined in one person, but Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton has
won d
istinction in all three roles” (T.S.P, 26-7). The reviewer, identified only as
“T.S.P.,” continues:
As a naturalist he has enjoyed opportunities for study and observation
both in Canada and the United States, chiefly in Ontario, Manitoba and
New Mexico. As a writer he is known as the author of
‘Birds of Manitoba,’
‘Mammals of Manitoba,’ and numerous articles contributed to magazines
and scientific journals. As an artist he is perhaps still more widely known
through his ‘Art of Taxidermy,’ and work in illustrating several popular
book on natural history, more especially on birds. (27)
As one might expect, from the tone of this opening, the review is a highly
favourable one
. T.S.P. describes the book as “original in conception and
execution,” “entertaining and instructive,” and with “many things of interest” for
the “student of natural history” (27). The reviewer recognizes that Seton
“describes his friends from what might be termed the human standpoint,
i.e.
, not
as mere objects, but as individuals endow
ed with personality and reason,” but
there is no mention of anthropomorphism or sentimentality here (27). Again,
the tone indicates that the reviewer approve
s. S/he explains that the book “is
not intended” to be “a scientific treatise on mammals” and, hence, is not
concerned by Seton's assertions of truth:
The reader is assured that the stories are true, but this does not
necessarily imply that every detail was based on actual observation. In
fact, it would be practically impossible to observe some of the scenes
depicted in the biographies [...] In describing the habits of a particular
animal there is little more than a skeleton of fact on which to build. The
record is so fragmentary that an author is compelled to fill in the gaps
from his general knowledge of the species and to represent the
characters as he conceives them to be. Such descriptions are of
necessity composite and subject to personal equation and imagination.
(27)
We can see in this r
esponse the grounds for Roberts’ belief that wild animal
story could contribute to the study of animal psychology. The reviewer sees the
book’s “insight into the habits and daily lives” as a valuable departure “from the
beaten path of natural history,” (27) yet also understands the context of these
Allmark-Kent 140
representations an
d that Seton’s claims of ‘truth’ cannot be taken entirely
literally. To tho
se who only know of Seton as a ‘Nature Faker’ and ‘sham’
naturalist, this approval from a scientific journal might seem incongruous. At this
time, however, the controversy had not started and Seton was simply a
naturalist, writer, and artist who had produced a book of animal stories (with
accompanying illustrations) based on some of his observations. Favourable
responses to Seton’s work such as this challenge the absolute terms of
Burroughs’ criticisms and also indicate the perceived threat that Seton posed to
the eminent naturalist’s authority.
Thus, when criticizing
Wild Animals I Have Known
, Burroughs could not
just dismiss Seton’s animal protagonists as anthropomorphic, as he had done
with
Kindred of the Wild
. Seton claimed that they were
real
and that he had
known
them. As he was, in effect, presenting his stories as anecdotal evidence,
Burroughs challenged Seton’s authority as a naturalist and the validity of his
observations and interpretations. He began by undermining Seton's claim of
‘truth’:
Mr. Thompson Seton says in capital letters that his stories are true, and it
is this emphatic assertion that makes the judicious grieve. True as
romance, true in their artistic effects, true in their power to entertain the
young reader, they certainly are but true as natural history they as
certainly are not. (132)
Here, Burroughs tries to depict Seton not as a naturalist, but as an author of
fiction (like Roberts) capable only of romance and entertainment. Again,
however, Seton’s credentials make such a portrayal difficult, and so Burroughs
attacks them directly:
Are we to believe that Mr. Thompson Seton,
in his few years of roaming
the West, has penetrated father into the secrets of animal life than
all the
observers who have gone before him?
There are no stories of animal
intelligence and cunning on record, that I am aware of, that match his.
(132, emphasis added).
Allmark-Kent 141
Of course, this was not the case
. As I have demonstrated, Seton’s
representations are in accordance
with Romanes’ theory of animal intelligence.
This was based on the vast number of anecdotes and observations that both he
and Darwin had collected
—in other words, what we might call “stories of animal
intelligence [...] on record.” Interestingly, Burroughs goes on to list “expert
students and observers,
” including Darwin, who “have nothing to report that
comes close to what appear to be Mr. Thompson
Seton’s daily experiences”
(132). Although he calls upon these important names from science, natural
history, and nature writing (including Gilbert White, John Muir, and Henry David
Thoreau for instance), it is clear that Burroughs implicitly includes himself in this
collection of “all the observers that have gone before” Seton. Once more,
Burroughs’ need to reassert his authority is clear. He cannot simply condemn
Seton for overstepping the boundaries of the author, because he has already
established himself as an artist and a naturalist. Hence, Burroughs must
c
onstruct him as a profiteering ‘sham’ naturalist instead.
Yet, we find
that the majority of Burroughs’ criticisms focus not on
fundamental errors in Seton’s natural history, but his representations of animal
intelligence
—unique survival strategies developed by particular individuals,
observations of unusual problem-solving, parental instruction, and
communication (132-
8). As such, he isolates the story of “Silverspot” in
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