From my analysis so far, it should be clear that Seton
’s and Roberts’
autonomous individuals satisfy these criteria. Indeed, the nonhuman
protagonists of the zoocentric texts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this
thesis also qualify as subjects of a life. The strength of this concept lies, as
Regan explains, in the fact that there is no hierarchy:
“One either
is
a subject of
a life
[…] or one
is not.
All those who are, are so equally” (245). Thus, I argue
that one of the zoocentric functions of the wild animal story is to challenge
objectifying perception
s of animals by using the individual’s
biography
to prove
that they are the
subject of a life.
This process is particularly crucial for our ability to empathize with non-
domesticated animals. By narrating the life histories of wild individuals, these
stories create a fantasy of the
“intimacy” and sympathetic understanding
discussed by Salt (53)
. In other words, they make the ‘distant’ and ‘unknowable’
wild animal
—seemingly identical and indistinguishable from the rest of its kind—
into a knowable and irreplaceable individual. Hence, we can also see the
relationship between the
fantasy of knowing
and the exercise of our empathetic
imaginations. I suggest, however, that in the wild animal story, the
defamiliarizing power of this biographical technique is connected to the death of
the animal. It is the moment at which the nonhuman protagonist is transformed
from
a subject of a life
to
an object of utility
. Perceiving only utilitarian value, not
inherent value, the human character kills the protagonist without any knowledge
or concern for the unique life history that is being erased. The privileged
understanding that comes from knowledge of the animal’s biography, however,
Allmark-Kent 114
transforms an act that might pass without comment in an anthropocentric story
into a distressing loss. Moreover, as I will discuss later in this section, Seton
and Roberts often heighten this effect by demonstrating that the animal
protagonist exists in a
network of meaningful relationships
. In many cases,
readers are equipped with the knowledge that the abrupt death of the
protagonist will inevitably result in the slow death of those who were reliant
upon them (an injured companion or young offspring unable to fend for
themselves, for instance).
Considerin
g Seton’s direct appeals on behalf of animals, it is
unsurprising that the sudden deaths of his protagonists are always loaded with
meaning and dramatic irony. As he declares in the preface to
Wild Animals I
Have Known
: “The life of a wild animal
always has a tragic end
” (12, emphasis
original). Hence, the tragic ends of his protagonists come, inevitably, after a
youth being raised; defended; taught how to survive by a diligent parent; then
evading capture during adolescence; struggling to find a mate and finally having
offspring of their own. It is then, after the individual’s survival seems to have
been a success, that an accident, chance encounter, or the tenacity of a
determined hunter, abruptly ends his or her life. Indeed this usually happens
without warning and without the knowledge of their companions. There are
countless examples of such animal biographies in both Seton
’s and Roberts’
work, albeit each with some minor variation.
For instance, Seton’s story of “Redruff” follows this structure at first, but
the end is unusually tragic: his mate is shot, all but one of his children die whilst
trapped in ice and snow. His surviving daughter is then shot by the same hunter
who killed her mother, and then Redruff himself is finally caught in a trap set by
this man; yet, after being stuck in the trap for two days of pain and agony, it is
Allmark-Kent 115
not the hunter who kills him, but a passing owl (
Known
343-357). Through such
a set of events, it is unsurprising that this was the story in which Seton made
the passionate declaration about the rights of wild animals (discussed in
another chapter).
Likewise, Seton’s once-captive sparrow, Randy, whom I have
already mentioned, also suffers an unexpectedly tragic end to his story. After
the reader has followed the various struggles and experiences of his life, the
sudden, accidental death of Randy’s mate and his own re-capture to become
another person’s caged novelty, is shocking. Seton summarizes: “It was an
accident that set him free originally. An accident had mated him with Biddy.
Their brief life together had been a succession of storms and accidents. An
accident had taken her away, and another accident had renewed his cage life”
(
Hunted
135). It is not the
accident
that is shocking; it is the way in which
anthropocentric behaviour, driven by the belief that wild animals ought to be put
to some
use
, exacerbates the random serendipity of survival in nature. The
human’s unthinking erasure of the animal’s biography is instantaneous. In such
narratives, the anim
al’s abrupt transition from
the subject of a life
to
an object of
utility
is clear.
In some stories, however, Seton and Roberts reinforce the role of animal
biographies
by allowing the human hunter to recognize his victim (and
invariably, the hunters are male). If we return to the female wolf
from “Badlands
Billy,” whose scent-analysis Seton described, we find just such an encounter.
She spends many years learning to evade the increasingly complex attempts of
wolvers to collect the bounty on her head, how to avoid guns and traps, and
also teaching her young to do the same. Eventually, though, she is caught out
by a new tactic: “Never had a trap been so baited before. Never was she so
unsuspicious” (
Heroes
138). As her biography comes to an end, Seton
Allmark-Kent 116
continues to speculate on her perspective, providing a lengthy, rather
disturbing, description of her experience of the trap
—as indicated by this small
extract: “She tore her legs that were held; she gnawed in frenzy at her flank,
she chopped off her tail in her madness; she splintered all her teeth on the
steel, and filled her bleeding, foaming jaws with clay and sand” (138). When she
is eventually found, it is by a man who has spent a long time trying to kill her:
The wolver rode up to the sorry, tattered, bleeding She-wolf in the trap.
He raised his rifle and soon the struggling stopped. The wolver read the
trail and the signs about, and remembering those he had read before, he
divined that this was the Wolf with the great Cub
—the She-wolf of
Sentinel Butte. (140)
Although Seton does not
depict the man’s reaction to this discovery, the
encounter does allow the wolf, momentarily, to become an
individual
again; a
subject of a life
, even in death. Roberts employs a similar technique, although
he takes it a stage further.
In “The Return of the Trails,” the bear who escapes
from a circus (discussed above) is later shot by men who encounter him in the
wild:
The men gathered about the body, praising the shot, praising the prize,
praising the reckless audacity which led the beast to rush upon his doom.
Then in the long, loose fur that clothed his bones they found the heavy
collar. At that they all wondered. The boss examined it minutely, and
stood pondering; and
the frank pride upon his face gradually died into
regret
. (
Watchers
62, emphasis added)
It is only by finding evidence of the animal’s
biography
, by recognizing him as
an
individual
—“the b’ar that run away from the circus las’ fall [sic]” (62)—that
the bear’s transition from subject of a life to object of utility becomes
problematic for the men. They were proud of their “prize” before he was
identifie
d; now, instead, they “regret” their actions, and remember he was
known at the circus for being “kind” (62).
Allmark-Kent 117
Dostları ilə paylaş: |