estimate of the increase in affinity of enzymes for DNA due to
electrostatic interactions with a single internucleotide phos-
phate group. Consequently, it is termed the electrostatic (
e)
factor (6,7). For APE1 interacting with ss DNA, we found that
e
= 1.51 (Figure 3). As a measure of base hydrophobicity, the
retention time of respective nucleosides during the isocratic
elution from a reverse-phase column was used, as described
previously (46). Given the additive character of interactions of
the structural elements of d(pF) and the bases of d(pN)
n
to the
DNA affinity of APE1, a factor of increase in affinity due to
hydrophobic interactions of the enzyme with a single base
(
h factor) can be estimated as h
= f/e. For APE1, h = 1.01,
1.05, 1.07 and 1.1 for d(pC)
n
, d(pT)
n
, d(pG)
n
and d(pA)
n
,
respectively. Thus, the interaction of APE1 with each nucleo-
tide unit of ss ODNs is a superposition of weak electrostatic
and hydrophobic or van der Waals interactions with the
individual structural elements and can be described as
K
d
d pN
ð
Þ
n
= K
d
P
i
½ · e
n
h
c
C
· h
t
T
· h
g
G
· h
a
A
1
where
K
d
[P
i
] is the
K
d
value for the minimal orthophosphate
ligand, and the numbers of C, T, G and A bases in d(pN)
n
are
c,
t, g and a, respectively. Experimentally measured K
I
values
can be compared with the values calculated using Equation 1
for several hetero-d(pN)
n
(Table 2), and it was found that
experimental and calculated
K
I
values coincide within
experimental error.
Interestingly, this expression describes the interaction of ss
(or ds) DNA with any of the sequence-independent enzymes
investigated so far, as well as the interaction of nonspecific
DNA with most sequence-dependent enzymes (6,7). Different
enzymes differ only in the values of
e and h
N
factors. For
example,
e factors for DNA polymerases and UDG are 1.52
and 1.35, respectively, whereas for Fpg and EcoRI they are
equal to 1 (
h
N
= 1) (24,27,30). APE1 mostly interacts with the
sugar–phosphate backbone of DNA (
e
= 1.51) and its hydro-
phobic or van der Waals interactions with nucleobases are less
significant (
h
= 1.01–1.1).
Interaction of APE1 with the sugar–phosphate backbone
of oligonucleotides
To confirm the predominant interactions of APE1 with the
DNA backbone, and to estimate the contribution of the back-
bone structural units to the formation of weak additive contacts
between APE1 and ODNs, we synthesized abasic oligomers,
d[(pF)
n
pT], where F is a tetrahydrofuran analogue of deoxy-
ribose (Table 1). Since a d(pF) monomer has higher affinity for
the active center of APE1 (
K
I
= 59 mM) than dNMPs (165 mM),
the log-dependence for d[(pF)
n
pT] is shifted upward from
nonspecific d(pN)
n
, but the slope of this line was slightly
lower that that for d(pC)
n
(Figure 2); the factor
f
= 1.50
differs very little from the electrostatic factor
e
= 1.51
found for different homo-d(pN)
n
as described above. Thus,
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