To introduce one to two AP sites per molecule of pUC18
plasmid DNA, the plasmid was incubated in 100 mM sodium
citrate (pH 5.0) at 70
C for 5 min and precipitated with
ethanol (35).
Reaction mixtures (50
ml) contained 7 A
260
U/ml of poly-
meric [
3
H]AP DNA or AP pUC18 plasmid DNA, the buffer
described above, 160 mM KCl (the concentration optimal for
polymeric DNA substrates) and various concentrations of
inhibitor ODNs. Reactions were initiated by adding 6–8 U of
APE1. Aliquots of 5–7
ml were withdrawn every 2–5 min and
transferred onto 2.5 mm Whatman 3MM disks presoaked in
5% trichloroacetic acid. The disks were washed eight times
in 5% trichloroacetic acid for 5 min at 4
C and then once in
ice-cold acetone, dried and monitored for radioactivity in a
Minibeta counter (LKB). All measurements (initial rates) were
taken within the linear regions of the time courses and APE1
concentration curves.
APE1-dependent hydrolysis of AP pUC18 plasmid DNA
was analyzed using electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels (35).
The gels were stained with ethidium bromide, photographed
and the images were scanned. The enzyme activity was
estimated from a decrease in the intensity of the bands
corresponding to supercoiled and circular DNA.
Kinetic parameters
The
K
M
and
V
max
values were calculated by least-squares
nonlinear regression fitting using Microcal Origin v5.0 soft-
ware.
K
I
values were determined using different concentra-
tions of inhibitors by least-squares nonlinear regression fitting
(40,41). Values for IC
50
were determined for varying concen-
trations of the inhibitor (0.1–10 IC
50
) at the [
3
H]AP DNA
concentration equaling 2
K
M
(7 A
260
U/ml). Errors in IC
50
were within 10–20%. From the equation for competitive
inhibition (40,41), IC
50
= 3K
I
at [S]
= 2K
M
; errors in
K
I
were within 10–30%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Competitive inhibition of APE1 by ODNs
We have determined the
K
M
and
V
max
(
k
cat
) values for some
substrates used in the reaction catalyzed by APE1. The values
of observed
k
cat
depended on the structure of the ODN
substrate; they were found to be 0.27 s
1
for a 14mer ds 5
0
-
[
32
P][(pT)
7
(pR)(pT)
6
] and 6.7 s
1
for a 24mer ds d(GTACG-
TARCCACAGACAGTGATGA). Since molecules of long
[
3
H]AP DNA from calf thymus are heterogeneous in length,
a true
k
cat
value for [
3
H]AP DNA could not be determined by
the method of acid-soluble products used for this substrate.
Therefore, we have estimated the
k
cat
value (2.0 s
1
) for high
molecular weight AP DNA using a pUC18 plasmid containing
one to two AP sites per molecule. The observed values of
k
cat
in the case of good substrates (2–7 s
1
) were in good
agreement with previously published
k
cat
values for ODN
substrates and preparations of recombinant APE1: 1.8 (15)
and 10 s
1
(42).
We have found that APE1 can bind different short specific
and nonspecific ss and ds ODNs and that this binding inhibits
the APE1 reaction (35) (Figure 1a). The inhibition was com-
petitive for both [
3
H]AP DNA and ds 5
0
-[
32
P][(pT)
7
(pR)(pT)
6
]
as substrates (Figure 1b). Therefore,
K
I
provides an estimate of
the affinity (
K
d
K
I
) of the APE1 DNA-binding site for ODNs
(Figure 1b). Since most of the short ODNs had relatively low
affinities for APE1, their
K
I
values were calculated from
the respective IC
50
values. For competitive inhibition,
IC
50
= K
I
([S]/
K
M
+ 1) and under the conditions used
([S
0
]
= 2K
M
), IC
50
= 3K
I
;
K
I
values calculated in this
way were in excellent agreement with those determined
experimentally
for
all
tested
ss
and
ds
ODNs
(see Tables 1–3). It should be mentioned that, despite the
optimal concentration of KCl in the case of [
3
H]AP DNA
(160 mM) being higher than that for the oligonucleotide
substrate (
<120 mM, 50 mM was used), the K
I
values for
noncleaved ODNs determined using [
3
H]AP DNA and ds
5
0
-[
32
P][(pT)
7
(pR)(pT)
6
] as substrates, demonstrating different
k
cat
and optimal concentrations of KCl, were comparable
within the errors of the experimental methods. Higher con-
centration of KCl in the case of AP DNA is probably necessary
to neutralize the negative charges of the polymeric substrates,
which may be important for reaching the optimal conforma-
tion of these DNA in the complex with APE1 (see below).
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