Unit-iv unit-iv environmental Hygiene


Physico-chemical characteristics



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Atmospheric-pollution

Physico-chemical characteristics


Two major groups
Particulate pollutants:
  • Dust particles,
  • Mist,
  • Fly ash
  • Droplets,
  • Fog,
  • Smoke,
  • Fumes & soot

Gaseous pollutants:
  • Oxides of Sulphur & Nitrogen,
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Hydrogen sulphide
  • Vapours of gasoline & trichlorethylene

Toxic to animals & man
Organic decomposition of waste
Methanogenesis: methane (gobar gas) & Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide: respiration

Effects of pollutants

  • Direct bearing on the health of animals & man, & planetary bio-diversity
  • Toxic gases & substances present in the atmosphere cause:
    • Retardation of growth,
    • Promote ageing,
    • Bleaching of leaves
    • Necrosis in plants
  • The degree of damage:
    • Dose of pollutant &
    • Duration of exposure
  • Loss of valuable plant materials especially around industrial areas
  • damage to physical structures, monuments and buildings.
  • Ex: damage of Taj Mahal

Effects of pollutants

  • Nonirritant pollutants (carbon monoxide) may not always be associated with overt clinical manifestations.
  • Studies have shown that zinc & lead pollution of air: marked fatalities in cattle & horses in Germany
  • Arsenic: Bloody diarrhea, vomiting & excessive thirst in animals
  • Smog pollution: Variety of respiratory problems in animals
  • Lead pollution: Teeth grinding & laryngeal paralysis (roaring sound) in cattle
  • Fluorosis: Cattle & sheep reared near brick kilns and iron/steel aluminum plants & ceramic factories
    • In soil (0.1-1.0 g/kg)
    • Water (in some areas in India, 25 mg/litre)
    • Air (Volcanic eruptions & in the dust particles originating from soil)
    • Conditions: lameness, mottled teeth, fragile bones & loss of milk yield in dairy cattle
  • Metallic pollutants: Induce anaemia & emaciation in animals

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