Uperior vena cava syndrome (svcs) was first described in l757 in a patient with a syphilitic



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REFERENCES

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Appleton & Lange, 1996: 595–602. 

2. Skinner DB, Alzman EW, Scannell JG: The challenge of

superior vena caval obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg

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3. Parish JM, Marschke RF Jr, Dines DE, Lee RE: Etiologic

considerations in superior vena cava syndrome. Mayo



Clin Proc 1981;56:407–413.

4. Stanford W, Doty DB: The role of venography and

surgery in the management of patients with superior

vena cava obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 1986;41:158–163.

5. Perez CA, Presant CA, Van Amburg AL: Management of

superior vena cava syndrome. Semin Oncol 1978;5:123–129.

6. Schraufnagel DE, Hill R, Leech JA, Pare JA: Superior

vena caval obstruction: is it a medical emergency? Am J



Med 1981;70:1169–1174.

7. Yellin A, Rosen A, Reichert N, Lieberman Y: Superior

vena cava syndrome: the myth—the facts. Am Rev Respir

Dis 1990;141:1114–1118.

8. Sculier JP, Feld R: Superior vena cava obstruction syn-

drome: recommendations for management. Cancer

Treat Rev 1985;12:209–218.

9. Yahalom J: Superior vena cava syndrome. In Cancer:



Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed. DeVita V Jr,

Hellman S, Rosenberg S, eds. Philadelphia: JB Lippin-

cott, 1993:2111–2116.

10. Doty DB, Baker WH: Bypass of superior vena cava with

spiral vein graft. Ann Thorac Surg 1976;22:490–493.

11. Escalante CP: Causes and management of superior vena

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