Uzbekistan state university of world languages
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Conclusion
The tendency to compare Indians with heroes, gods, statues and, perhaps especially, orators of Antiquity was relatively widespread in American culture and literature—and certainly in the works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper—in the early decades of the nineteenth century. The phenomenon was more pronounced in the period from the War of 1812 (or just before) to around the end of the 1820s and then seems to have tapered off. It is likely that one reason for this change, notably in Irving’s A Tour on the Prairies (1835), Astoria (1836) and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837) and Cooper’s The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841), is the policy of Indian Removal, formalized by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and the related tensions involved in implementing that act, which, among other things, made it painfully clear that all of the Native Americans—including those east of the Mississippi River—had not, in fact, “vanished.” Indeed, as John McWilliams suggests, the ambiguity of Cooper’s portrayal of Indians in The Last of the Mohicans, for example, can be seen as both supporting and criticizing the growing movement for removal, which was already being widely discussed by the time the book was first published in 1826 (McWilliams, 1998, 419-20). Cooper’s romance, in fact, seems to embed that fierce debate within its story. And the same thing could be said, to a certain extent, about the other works I have discussed from the period before the end of the 1820s. Once the Indian Removal Act was passed, it may have been more difficult to maintain that same ambiguity, at least in the same way. References: BERKHOFER, Robert F., Jr., The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present, New York, Vintage, 1979. COOPER, James Fenimore, The Leatherstocking Tales, vol. I (The Pioneers, or the Sources of the Susquehanna; A Descriptive Tale—The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757—The Prairie; A Tale), Blake Nevius, ed., New York, Library of America, 1985. The Leatherstocking Tales, vol. II (The Pathfinder: or, The Inland Sea—The Deerslayer: or, The First War-Path), Blake Nevius, ed., New York, Library of America, 1985. DEANE, Seamus, “General Introduction,” The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Seamus Deane, ed., vol. 1, Derry, Field Day Publications, 1991, 3 vols., xix-xxvi. ELLINGSON, Ter, The Myth of the Nobel Savage, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. FERGUSON, Robert A., “The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820,” The Cambridge History of American Literature, vol. I: 1590-1820, Sacvan Bercovitch, ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994. LITTLEFIELD, Daniel F., “Washington Irving and the American Indian,” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 5, 1979. McGuffey’s Rhetorical Guide; or Fifth Reader of the Eclectic Series, Cincinnati, Winthrop B. Smith & Co., 1844. Mc WILLIAMS, John, “The Historical Contexts of The Last of the Mohicans,” in The Last of the Mohicans, by James Fenimore Cooper, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. ROSENWALD, Lawrence, “The Last of the Mohicans and the Languages of America,” College English, vol. 60, 1998. RUPPERT, James, “Indians in Anglo-American Literature, 1492-1990,” Handbook of Native American Literature, Andrew Wiget, ed., New York, Garland, 1996. RUSSELL, Jason Almus, “Irving: Recorder of Indian Life,” The Journal of American History, vol. 25, 1931. SEYERSTED, Per, “The Indian in Knickerbocker’s New Amsterdam,” The Indian Historian, vol. 7, 1974. SHALEV, Eran, Rome Reborn on Western Shores: Historical Imagination and the Creation of the American Republic, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2009. SPENCER, Benjamin T., The Quest for Nationality: An American Literary Campaign, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1957. TWAIN, Mark, “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences,” North American Review, vol. 161, 1895. Yüklə 144,46 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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