Copyright 1996

There are more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you 
may use any cause more than once. 

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Problems 
Example: 
low sense of community feeling
Answer 
F
6. 
7. 
8. 
9.
streets become less sociable 
fewer chances for meeting friends
fears of danger for children 
higher accident risk
A few adults know local children 
B fewer people use the streets 
C increased pollution 
D streets are less friendly 
E less traffic in school holidays 
• F reduced freedom for children 
G more children driven to school
Questions 10-14 
Questions 10-14 are statement beginnings which represent information given in 
Paragraphs 6, 7 and 8. In the box below, there are some statement endings 
numbered i-x. Choose the correct ending for each statement. Write your answers 
i-x, in the spaces numbered 10-14 on the answer sheet. One has been done for 
you 
as an example. 
There are more statement endings than you will need. 
Example: 
Answer.
By driving their children to school, parents help create ... 
I 
10. Children should play ... 
1 1 . In some Gefrrfan towns, pedestrians have right of way . 
12. Streets should also be used for ... 
13. Reducing the amount of traffic and the speed is ... 
14. All people who live in the city will benefit if cities are ... 
Lisl of statement endings 
ii
.. a dangerous environment. 
.. modified.
in
.. on residential streets.
IV 
V 
vi 
vii 
viii
.. modifying cities. 
.. neighbourhoods. 
.. socialising. 
.. in backyards. 
.. for cars.
IX 
X
.. traffic calming. 
.. residential.
Causes

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QUESTIONS 15-28 
You are advised to spend about 25 minutes on Questions 15-28 which refer to 
Reading 
Passage 2 below. 
READING PASSAGE 2 
Paragraph 1. INCREASED TEMPERATURES 
temperature effect on the oceans; it does not 
The average air temperature at the surface of 
consider changes in sea level brought about by 
the earth has risen this century, as has the 
the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and 
temperature of ocean surface waters. Because 
changes in groundwater storage. When we add 
water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean 
on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for 
means higher sea levels. We cannot say 
total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm 
definitely that the temperature rises are due to 
respectively.
the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part 
of a 'natural' variability over a long time-scale 
that we have not yet recognised in our short 
100 years of recording. However, assuming the 
build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, 
and that the warming will continue, 
scientists — and inhabitants of low-lying coastal 
areas — would like to know the extent of future 
sea level rises.
Paragraph 2 
Paragraph 4 
Calculating this is not easy. Models used for 
It's not easy trying to model accurately the 
the purpose have treated the ocean as passive, 
enormous complexities of the ever-changing 
stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists 
oceans, with their great volume, massive 
have assumed that heat simply diffused into 
currents and sensitivity to the influence of land 
the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic 
masses and the atmosphere. For example, 
physical laws, they then predict how much a 
consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just 
known volume of water would expand for a 
'diffuse' from the warmer air vertically into the 
given increase in temperature. But the oceans 
water, and heat only the surface layer of the 
are not one-dimensional, and recent work by 
sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it 
oceanographers, using a new model which 
would not spread downwards.) Conventional 
takes into account a number of subtle facets of 
models of sea-level rise have considered that 
the sea — including vast and complex ocean 
this is the only method, but measurements 
currents — suggests that the rise in sea level 
have shown that tJie rate of heat transfer into 
may be less than some earlier estimates had 
the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in 
predicted.
practice than the figures that many modellers 
have adopted. 
Paragraph 3 
Paragraph 5. 
An international forum on climate change, in 
Much of the early work, for simplicity, ignored 
the fact that water in the oceans moves in three 
1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises 
dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists 
of 20 cms and 1.4 m, corresponding to 
don't mean waves, which are too small 
atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5" and 
individually to consider, but rather movement 
4.5° C respectively. Some scientists estimate 
of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To 
that the ocean warming resulting from those 
understand the importance of this, we now 
temperature increases by the year 2050 would 
need to consider another process — advection. 
raise the sea level by between 10 cms and 40 
Imagine smoke rising from a chimney. On a 
cms. This model only takes into account the
still day it will slowly spread out in all 
directions by means of diffusion. With a strong 
directional wind, however, it will all shift 
downwind. This process is advection — the 
transport of properties (notably heat and 
salinity in the ocean) by the movement of 
bodies of air or water, rather than by 
conduction or diffusion.

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Paragraph 6 
Massive ocean currents called gyres do the 
ving- These currents have far more capacity 
store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, 
just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat 
than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin 
f eyres lies in the fact that more heat from the 
Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and 
naturally heat tends to move from the former 
to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and 
draws more air beneath it in the form of winds 
(the 'Trade Winds') that, together with other air 
movements, provide the main force driving the 
ocean currents.
means that water moves vertically as well as 
horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels 
at depth — it is denser than warm water — until 
it emerges at the surface in another part of the 
world in the form of a cold current. 
Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREEN HOUSE 
EFFECT WILL CHANGE OCEAN 
TEMPERATURES 
Ocean currents, in three dimensions, form a 
giant 'conveyor belt', distributing heat from the 
thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans 
and around (he globe. Water may take decades 
to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the top 
kilometre of the ocean, and centuries in the 
deeper water. With the increased atmospheric 
Paragraph 7. 
temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the 
Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves 
oceans' conveyor belt will carry more heat into 
poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and 
the interior. This subduction moves heat 
affected by the positions of the continents. The 
around far more effectively than simple 
resultant broadly circular movements between 
diffusion. Because warm water expands more 
about 10° and 40° North and South are 
than cold when it is heated, scientists had 
clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and 
presumed that the sea level would rise 
anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 
unevenly around the globe. It is now believed 
They flow towards the east at mid latitudes in 
that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds 
the equatorial region. They then flow towards 
will act to continuously spread out the water 
the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, 
expansion. Of course, if global warming 
as warm currents. When two different masses 
changes the strength and distribution of the 
of water meet, one will move beneath the other, 
winds, then this 'evening-out' process may not 
depending on their relative densities in the 
occur, and the sea level could rise more in some 
subduction process. The densities are 
areas than others.
determined by temperature and salinity. The 
convergence of water of different densities 
from the Equator and the Poles deep in the

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