Table 2. PCR test results
Pathogens
Material investigated
Total number
of samples
blood
throat
swab
urine
feces
sputum
Candida albicans
-
14
1
8
1
24
Candida glabrata
-
5
3
4
-
12
Candida parapsilosis
1
4
3
3
1
12
Candida tropicalis
-
4
2
3
-
9
Candida krusei
-
1
-
-
-
1
Candida famata
-
2
-
-
-
2
Candida guilliermondii
-
1
-
1
-
2
Candida spp
-
4
-
3
-
7
The most common type of Candida spp. in our study was Candida
albicans (34.8%).
In general, the presence of isolated Candida albicans was seen in 2
patients (10%) only (See Figure); in all other cases, fungal colonization was
associated with other types of Candida spp., specifically, with Candida
glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis.
Discussion of the results
The development of bacterial and invasive fungal infection is a
clinically significant problem in patients after liver transplantation. Our
study has shown the presence of high-risk factors for invasive fungal
infections in 40% of liver transplant recipients. Fungi of Candida species
have been isolated from a variety of biological fluids in a quarter of patients.
However, only 34.8% of isolated pathogens belonged to Candida albicans.
9
Other pathogens belonged to those Candida spp. that were generally
characterized as having stronger antifungal drug resistance.
Figure. Incidence of single and multiple fugal species colonization
Most of the patients received the prophylactic therapy in short
duration; the antifungal prophylaxis was completed together with the
termination of prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
Based on the obtained results, we could identify a group of patients
free from high-risk factors who did not need a preventive antifungal therapy
in the early postoperative period. Further studies are necessary to define
clear criteria for identification of such patients.
Aimed at preventing fungal infection, we used either an amphotericin
B lipid complex, or echinocandins, or fluconazole. Three patients on
fluconazole with confirmed fungal infection were switched to prevention
therapy with echinocandins.
Fluconazole is a potent selective inhibitor of fungal enzymes required
for the synthesis of ergosterol. Fluconazole is an efficient agent against most
10
strains of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. However,
Candida krusei and many Candida glabrata strains possess a natural
resistance to fluconazole [15-19]. The data obtained in this study suggest
that Candida glabrata ranks second by the incidence among pathogens
causing fungal infection in patients after liver transplantation. In this regard,
we consider the echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin, mikamin) to be
acceptable drugs for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in high-risk
patients. Echinocandins selectively inhibit 1,3-b-D-glycan-synthetase, an
important component of the fungal cell wall, and have proven their efficacy,
demonstrating a favorable safety profile and advantages in the treatment of
patients undergoing liver transplantation. These drugs are efficient against
many fungi of Candida spp., including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata,
Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida
dubliniensis, and Candida lusitaniae, and Candida guilliermondii, and also
Aspergillus spp. [20]. There were no cases of "breakthrough" fungal
infection in our study when using echinocandins.
Conclusion
The patients after liver transplantation are at a high risk of invasive
fungal infections. The presence of high-risk factors is an absolute indication
for prophylactic antifungal therapy. Median duration of preventive therapy
course makes 9 days. Fungal infection caused by Candida spp. is associated
with the species other than Candida albicans in 65.8% of cases. In this
regard, fluconazole is not the drug of choice for the prevention of fungal
infection.
11
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