19.Theme: Discourse analysis and lexicology:Textual aspects of lexical
competence
Key words: lexicon, acquisition, inter-lexical, intra-lexical, authentic language.
The amount of vocabulary is a simple and clear index of telling the level of
proficiency in a second language; learners are also always concerned with the
size of English vocabulary or lexicon knowledge. What is, however, lexical
competence? If this question is formally posed, it turns out difficult to answer it
adequately. In teaching vocabulary, many researchers advocate “incidental
learning,” in which learners are simply exposed to authentic language, and are
expected to acquire lexical competence incidentally or subconsciously. At the
same time, we realize that incidental learning does not guarantee the acquisition of
lexical competence. Lexical competence, only when it is defined explicitly, can
become a component of communicative competence or language resources.
Lexical competence surely includes the size of vocabulary and the thematic range.
In addition, however, we emphasize both intra-lexical competence (the ability to use
a word as fully as possible) and inter-lexical competence (the ability to choose a
right word among semantically related words) are equally important. In this paper,
we would like to elaborate on this point.
“Lexicon” refers to a set of words or phrases in a language. An English
dictionary contains an English lexicon as a collection of words recorded in
the history of the language. The Oxford English Dictionary is said to contain
600,000 words and 3 million quotations, which occurred over 1000 years of English.
In this case, we are dealing with a dictionary lexicon. We also have to assume a
mental lexicon, which each individual has in his or her brain as a result of exploring
the world with a language. In fact, when we teach vocabulary in English, we
facilitate learners to construct and develop their own mental lexicon or lexical
competence in English. In discussing lexical competence in a second language, we
should pay due attention to interlingual mismatching of the lexical systems between
the learner’s native language and the target language. The mismatching between
the lexical items of the two languages is an interlingual fact. English “red,”
“orange,” and “yellow” correspond to the single word “okara” in Mbembe of
Nigeria. The three words “house,” “oikos” in Greek, and “numuno” in a language
of Papua New Guinea refer to more or less the same thing. The basic meaning
underlying these words would be “building,” and the contrastive component would
be “that which people live in.” However, these words trigger different pictures in
the mind of the speakers of the respective language. The central component may
be the same and even the contrastive components that distinguish it from other words
in the language may be the same. And yet, there may be some cultural components
that are crucial to understanding the meaning of the word. The Greek word “oikos”
is happy with the sentence “Peter went up on the housetop to pray.” A translation
into languages of Papua New Guinea may result in a distorted understanding if
simply translated with the word “numuno,” of which the roof does not have room
for praying (Larson 1984). Problems in representing the word meaning in the target
language emerge because a language learner tries to use his or her pre-existing
knowledge relevant to the word in question. Because of interlingual mismatching,
a learner’s learning strategy—the search-for-translation equivalent strategy—does
not often work.