Amphibian & Reptile Conservation
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amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5(2):52-64. Range extension for Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Amphibia: Bufonidae) and a preliminary checklist of herpetofauna from the Uda Mäliboda Trail in Samanala Nature Reserve, Sri Lanka 1,3 INDIKA PEABOTUWAGE, 2,4 I. NUWAN BANDARA, *3 DINAL SAMARASINGHE, 3 NIRMALA PERERA, 3 MAJINTHA MADAWALA, 2,4 CHAMARA AMARASINGHE, 5 H. K. DUSHANTHA KANDAMBI, AND †3,5 D. M. S. SURANJAN KARUNARATHNA 1
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B-1/G-6, De Soysapura Flats, Moratuwa 10400, SRI LANKA Abstract.—Uda Mäliboda Trail is an unstudied, remarkable forest located in the northwest region of Samanala Nature Reserve (SNR) in Sri Lanka’s wet zone. Here we report the first record of D. kotagamai from Uda Mäliboda Trail and the lowest elevation records of four highland Rhacophorid frogs: Pseudophilautus alto, P. asankai, P. femoralis, and Taruga eques. Further, we present results of a preliminary study of herpetofaunal diversity in Uda Mäliboda Trail. Thirty-four amphibian (26 endemic and 19 Threatened) and 59 reptile (32 endemic and 19 Threatened) species were observed. This wet zone forest supports high herpetofaunal diversity; however activities such as deforesta- tion, human encroachment, mining, agriculture, dumping, road construction, and a hydroelectric power station threaten the ecology of this biologically diverse forest. Key words. Amphibians, awareness, conservation, Duttaphrynus, global biodiversity hotspot, Pseudophilautus, reptiles, Sri Lanka, threatened, wet zone Citation: Peabotuwage I, Bandara IN, Samarasinghe D, Perera N, Madawala M, Amarasinghe C, Kandambi HKD, Karunarathna DMSS. 2012. Range extension for Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Amphibia: Bufonidae) and a preliminary checklist of herpetofauna from the Uda Mäliboda Trail in Samanala Nature Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5(2):52-64 (e38).
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Copyright: © 2012 Peabotuwage et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Western Ghats and Sri Lanka have collectively been des- ignated a global biodiversity hotspot (Mittermeier et al. 2004; Myers et al. 2000). Favorable environmental fac- tors such as high rainfall, humidity, and a high density of undergrowth vegetation in this region have assisted in sustaining regional diversity and distinctness (Bossuyt et al. 2005; Gunawardene et al. 2007). Sri Lanka comprises the smaller portion of the hotspot, with a total land area of 65,610 km 2 . Despite its small size, the region has a spectacular assemblage of amphibians and reptiles. Re- cent molecular studies on amphibians (Rhacophorids and Caecilians) and Uropeltid snakes have shown that Sri Lanka has maintained a fauna distinct from the In- dian mainland (Bossuyt et al. 2004; Meegaskumbura et al. 2002; Pethiyagoda 2005), yet these subregions are separated only by about 300 kilometers (direct distance). Of Sri Lanka’s three major climatic zones (wet, in- termediate, and dry) the wet zone harbors a significant- ly high level of herpetofaunal diversity and endemism (Bambaradeniya et al. 2003; Senanayake et al. 1977; Wijesinghe and Dayawansa 2002). The wet zone receives abundant rainfall (annual average 3,000 mm), has con- siderable forest cover, and maintains favorable humid- ity and temperatures to support such high herpetofaunal diversity. Previous studies have noted that some herpeto- faunal species as well as the wet zone forests themselves are threatened due to a variety of human activities (e.g., IUCN-SL and MENR-SL 2007). Many wet zone forests have yet to be studied. Uda Mäliboda in the Kegalle dis- trict (Sabaragamuwa Province) is one such unstudied wet zone forest. Kotagama’s dwarf toad (Duttaphrynus kotagamai) is endemic and Endangered and is one of the rarest bufonids in Sri Lanka (De Silva 2009). Originally de- scribed from the Sinharaja World Heritage Site in 1994 by Prithiviraj Fernando and Nihal Dayawansa (Fernando et al. 1994) this toad is known only from the Kitulgala, Massena, Erathna, and Delwala forest areas (Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi 1996; Goonatilake and Goonati- 053 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Peabotuwage et al. lake 2001). It favors a few primary lowland rain forests in the wet zone with elevations below 1,070 m (IUCN- SL 2011). According to Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2006) the holophoront (USNM 311595 H) has been lost from the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. (USA). Herein we describe new localities and a range extension for D. kotagamai from a lowland rain forest in the northwestern boundary of the Samanala Nature Reserve (SNR) and further provide a preliminary checklist of herpetofauna from the Uda Mäliboda Forest area.
We used visual encounter survey methods (Crump and Scott 1994) to conduct herpetofaunal surveys for a to- tal of 17 days and nights between 2006 and 2011. Night searches were performed using headlamps and flash- lights. We searched specific microhabitats including un- derneath stones and decaying logs, inside tree holes, and other potential herpetofaunal retreats. Road kills and data from animals dispatched by villagers were also used as sources of information. Specimens were hand captured, photographed, identified using field guides and scientific publications (Ashton et al. 1997; De Silva 2009; Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi 1996; Maduwage et al 2009; Manamendra-Arachchi et al. 2007; Manamendra-Arach- chi and Pethiyagoda 2006; Meegaskumbura et al. 2010; Somaweera 2006; Somaweera and Somaweera 2009; Vo- gel and Rooijen 2011; Wickramasinghe et al. 2007a, b), and then released back to the original capture site without injury. Species nomenclature was based on Frost et al. (2006), Kotaki et al. (2010), Sumida et al. (2007), and Senaratna (2001), and conservation status was evaluated on the IUCN-SL and MENR-SL (2007). Study area and habitats The Samanala Nature Reserve (SNR) is one of the larg- est and most important forest areas for endemic biodiver- sity in Sri Lanka and is owned by the Central Highlands World Heritage Centre (UNESCO 2011). The Study area lies between 6°53’01.58’’ N and 80°26’31.18’’ E with elevations ranging from 300-700 m (Fig. 1). This forest area is part of the Kegalle district in Sabaragamuwa Prov- ince. Average annual rainfall ranges from 3,000-4,500 mm and the average annual temperature is 27.9 °C (Fig. 2). The vegetation of Uda Mäliboda Trail is categorized as lowland wet evergreen forest (Gunatilleke and Guna- tilleke 1990) and is comprised of the following dominant genera: Doona, Stemonoporus, Calophyllum, Syzygium, Shorea, Dipterocarpus, Cullenia, and Mesua (Table 1). Pilgrims use four main trails annually between Decem- ber and April to reach Adams Peak to worship. The Uda Mäliboda Trail starts from the “Uda Mäliboda village” and continues through Madáhinna (Kuruwita trail) via Adams Peak (elevation 2,245 m). This is the longest trail and is seldom used by pilgrims since it consists of rough terrain and narrow foot paths (Karunarathna et al. 2011). Figure 1. Map of study area (sky view source: Google map). 054 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist Results and discussion New record for D. kotagamai We report the occurrence of the Endangered, rare, and endemic D. kotagamai (Fernando and Dayawansa 1994) from Uda Mäliboda forest (Uda Mäliboda Trail) in the northwest region of the Samanala Nature Reserve (SNR = Peak Wilderness Sanctuary). According to Fernando et al. (1994), this species is distinguished from other
ern India by combination of the following characters: prominent parietal ridges on the head; long and narrow unlobulated parotoid glands; most areas of the anterior back are smooth; warts present on upper flank, supraor- bital, and parietal ridges; tips of digits and tips of spinous warts black; first finger slightly longer than second finger (Fernando et al. 1994). Coloration in life is described as: orange-brown on dorsal surface mottled with dark brown (juveniles dorsal color is light golden); light cross band between eyes and distinct dark cross band on forearm, forefoot, tarsus, and tibia; less distinct cross band on up- per arm and femur; lower jaw with alternate dark and light markings; ventral surface whitish mottled with dark brown, especially over sternum. Eleven D. kotagamai were encountered during our survey. These toads were only found in primary forest and absent from human-disturbed areas. Except for one specimen, all were found within ~10 m of a small stream. (Fig. 3), and all but four individuals were observed at night. Three individuals from Uda Mäliboda measured: two males SVL 32.6 mm, 35.2 mm, and a female SVL 38.5 mm. We also found D. kotagamai in another previ- ously unknown locality on an adjacent mountain in De- raniyagala in Kegalle district (Table 2). This mountain is located about five km north of Uda Mäliboda. There are no previous records of D. kotagamai from the Uda Mäliboda Trail (SNR; see De Silva 2009; Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi 1996; IUCN-SL 2011; Mana- mendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2006; Goonatilake and Goonatilake 2001). The Uda Mäliboda locality is approximately six km (direct distance) from “Eratne” (Kuru river basin), the nearest published location. The direct distance between the onymotope and the new loca- tion is about 80 km. All of these areas have closed cano- pies with wet and cool habitats (Fig. 4). Figure 2. View of forest in Uda Maliboda (larger water resource in the SNR). Prominent layer Plant species diversity Canopy Adinandra lasiopetala, Bhesa ceylanica, Calophyllum trapezifolium, Cullenia ceylanica, Shorea affinis, S. gardneri, Litsea gardneri, and Palaquium rubiginosum Subcanopy Apodytes dimidiata, Artocarpus nobilis, Calophyllum walkeri, Caryota urens, Cinnamomum ovalifolium, Crypto- carya wightiana, Dillenia triquetra, Elaeocarpus amoenus, Eugenia mabaeoides, Garcinia quaesita, Gordonia spe- ciosa, Madhuca moonii, Mesua ferrea, Oncosperma fasciculatum, Schumacheria alnifolia, Stemonoporus gardneri, S. oblongifolia, Syzygium firmum, and S. turbinatum Climbers Calamus thwaitesii, Cosinium fenestratum, Cyclea peltata, Freycinetia walkeri, Rubus rugosus, and Smilax perfoliata Understory Acronychia pedunculata, Agrostistachys coriacea, Alpinia abundiflora, Amomum echinocarpum, Amomum masti- catorium, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Arundina graminifolia, Calanthes sp., Cinnamomum verum, Clusia rosea, Cyathea crinita, Hedychium coronarium, Hortonia ovalifolia, Ipsea speciosa, Macaranga indica, Neolitsea cassia, Osbeckia aspera, Osbeckia lantana, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Strobilanthes sp., Syzygium cordifolium, Syzygium revolutum, and Utricularia striatula Table 1. Floral species presence in different level of Uda Mäliboda area (Uda Mäliboda Trail in SNR). 055 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Peabotuwage et al. Based on the infrequent calls heard during our sur- vey periods this species is presumably rare in Uda Mäli- boda. It is aggressive when handled and releases a low- pitched distress call “crick, crick, crick…”. With two new locations and a subsequent range extension, we can trace the probable distribution of D. kotagamai prior to fragmentation. The new locations indicate a larger distri- bution than previously concluded. As a result of severe fragmentation and habitat degradation in the area, local extinctions of previous populations have likely occurred in the past with current populations known only from a few isolated primary forest patches. Herpetofaunal diversity During the study we encountered 34 amphibian species representing 15 genera and seven families (Table 3). Among those genera Adenomus, Lankanectes, Nannoph- rys, and Taruga are endemic to Sri Lanka. Our results show that at least 31% of Sri Lanka’s extant amphib- ians occur in the Uda Mäliboda area (Fig. 5). Twenty- six of the 34 species encountered (76%) are endemic, five (14%) are considered Near Threatened, four (11%) are Vulnerable, and ten (29%) are classified as Endan- gered (IUCN-SL and MENR-SL 2007). Families with the greatest number of endemic species include Rhaco- phoridae (16 species) and Dicroglossidae (six species), while the family Ichthyophiidae, Ranidae (two species each) and Nyctibatrachidae (one species) show the low- est rates of endemism. When considering the 34 species by their primary mode of living, 15 (44.1%) were arbo- real, 10 (29.4%) terrestrial, seven (20.6%) aquatic, and two (5.9%) fossorial species. Most amphibian species observed after brief peri- ods of rain since many species frequently use temporary pools created by these showers. Two large streams course forest acting as barriers that restrict some species to par- ticular habitats. Among the most commonly encountered amphibians were Pseudophilautus folicola, found on low growing woody vegetation near water bodies under closed canopy, and Fejervarya kirtisinghei, occurred near water bodies lacking canopy. Four Endangered and endemic highland species: P. alto (1,890-2,135 m eleva- tion), P. asankai (810-1,830 m), P. femoralis (1,600- 2,135 m), and Taruga eques (1,750-2,300 m; Manamen- dra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2006) were encountered at this study site, approximately 700 m elevation (lowest elevation ever recorded for these species). We report a range extension for Pseudophilautus
only from the following localities: Peradeniya (07°16’ N, 80°37’ E; Onymotope); Bogawanthalawa-Balangoda road (near 25th km post), elevation 1,300 m (06°45’ N, 80°2’ E); Corbett’s Gap, elevation 1,000 m (07°22’ N, 80°50’ E); Hunnasgiriya, elevation 367 m (07°23’ N, 80º41’ E); Agra Arboretum, elevation 1,555 m (06º50’
patch.
Figure 4. Inside forest: tall trees, mixed vegetation with good leaf litter. 056 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist N, 80º40’ E; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005). Sumida et al. (2007) suggested the Sri Lankan population of F. limnocharis (in Dutta and Manamendra- Arachchi 1996; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2006) could be F. syhadrensis. However, recent molecu- lar evidence revealed the Sri Lankan population of F. cf. syhadrensis is a separate and unnamed population be- longing to a unique clade, together with F. granosa and F. pierrei (Kotaki et al. 2010). Therefore, we refrain from referring to the third Fejervarya species in Sri Lanka as F. limnocharis (in Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi 1996; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2006) and instead refer it to as F. cf. syhadrensis. Fifty-nine species of reptiles representing 37 gen- era from 11 families were recorded during these surveys (Table 4). Among those genera Aspidura, Balanophis, Ceratophora, Cercaspis, Haplocercus, Lankascincus, Lyriocephalus, and Nessia are considered endemic to Sri Lanka. Twenty-eight percent of Sri Lanka’s extant reptiles were recorded in the study area (Fig. 5) includ- ing 28 species of lizards and 31 species of snakes. Of these 59 reptile species 32 (54%) are endemic, six (10%) Data Deficient, ten (17%) Near Threatened, five (8%) Vulnerable, and four (7%) Endangered (IUCN-SL and MENR-SL 2007). Families with the greatest species rep- resentation include Colubridae (17 species), Scincidae (11 species), and Gekkonidae (nine species), while the least represented family were Cylindrophidae, Pythoni- dae, and Typhlopidae (one species each). The highest number of endemic species were in the family Scincidae (nine species) and Colubridae (seven species), while the lowest number were in Cylindrophidae, Elapidae, and Typhlopidae (one species each). When considering the 59 species by primary mode of living: 24 (40.7%) were terrestrial, 21 (35.6%) arboreal, 11 (18.6%) fossorial, and three (5.1%) aquatic species. Among the reptiles, Otocryptis wiegmanni, Lankas- cincus greeri, Dendrelaphis schokari, and Hypnale zara were the most commonly encountered species in and around footpaths. One unidentified species from the ge- nus Cyrtodactylus was recorded during this survey and may be new to science. Several species of lizards (Cne-
(Boiga beddomei, Cercaspis carinatus, Haplocercus cey- lonensis, Aspidura guentheri, Balanophis ceylonensis, and Typhlops mirus) are noteworthy records. The Uda Mäliboda forest area also supports three highly venom- ous snakes: Bungarus ceylonicus (Sri Lanka krait), Da- boia russelii (Russell’s viper), and Naja naja (Indian co- bra). Hence, both venomous and non-venomous snakes are frequently killed in this area due to fear and igno- rance as a precautionary measure against snakebites. We failed to record any turtle species in the area, possibly due to low water temperatures in streams. Date Sex Micro-habitat 18 January 2009 Male Mid-stream boulder Male Forest floor with leaf litter Female Stream-bank boulder 17 April 2009 Female
Rock crevice Male
Stream-bank boulder 25 December 2009 Male Stream-bank 07 May 2010 Male
Stream-bank Male
Stream-bank 22 August 2010 Female Forest floor with leaf litter Male On footpath 03 October 2011 Male
Stream-bank boulder Table 2. Description of the 11 observed D. kotagamai individu- als during the study period from Uda Mäliboda. Figure 5. Comparison of amphibian (left) and reptile (right) diversity of Uda Mäliboda area with rest of the Sri Lankan species (Abbreviations: NOSL – total number of species in Sri Lanka; NOU – total number of species in Uda Mäliboda; ENSL – number of endemic species to Sri Lanka; ENU – number of endemic species in Uda Mäliboda; TRSL – number of threatened species in Sri Lanka and TRU – number of threatened species in Uda Mäliboda). 057 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38
We believe the high diversity in wet zone forest habitats is due mainly to availability of abundant suitable micro- habitat features (e.g., tree holes, caves, tree barks, rock boulders, crevices, water holes, decaying logs, loose soil, and other small niches) which create favorable environ- mental conditions for herpetofauna. According to our re- sults, Uda Mäliboda area has a rich herpetofaunal diver- sity and endemism compared with other wet zone forests in Sri Lanka. A large number of people including tourists, devotees, and laborers annually visit Adams Peak via Uda Mäliboda Trail located within the SNR. As a result endemic and Threatened species, like many other fauna, are seriously affected by increasing pressure caused by habitat loss and degradation in montane forests, lower montane forests, and marshes. Major threats identified in- clude illegal timber harvesting, illegal human encroach- ment, slash and burn forest clearing for human settlement and monoculture plantations (especially for tea cultiva- tion), and gem mining. According to interviews with il- legal timber harvesters, some rare tree species may be new to science are being harvested. Therefore, a further comprehensive study of flora is recommended. Present human activities, the most severe being the construction of a hydroelectric power plant, continue to degrade and erode the remaining vestiges of this lush pri- mary forest. Additionally, garbage (polythene) disposal along the Uda Mäliboda Trail by visitors and devotees is a threat that must be duly monitored by the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and the Forest Depart- ment (FD) of Sri Lanka. The Young Zoologists’ Associa- tion (YZA) together with the Central Environmental Au- thority (CEA) has conducted annual polythene removal programs on other trail (Hatton) of SNR for the past 10 years. This has prompted other Government institutions and non-governmental organizations to engage in similar activities. We recommend that such programs be initiated on this trail in order to prevent further degradation of this lush forest. Some human-altered landscapes such as tea planta- tions and Pinus, Eucalyptus, Cyprus, and Casuarina for- est plantations are located in the foothills of the SNR. Most of these altered landscapes can be found up to about 800 m in elevation. There is an ongoing hydroelec- tric power plant development project in the study area (Fig. 6) and increased road traffic further threatens the area’s fauna. Since a considerable area of the forest is altered by human activity, herpetofauna face increased threats because, in general, they are often highly sensi- tive to even slight environmental changes (e.g., McCal- lum 2007; Pough et al. 2004; Spellerberg 1991). Thus, the identification and designation of forest reserves on the perimeter of the SNR could function as suitable buf- fer zones. Additionally, public awareness programs are needed to help guide local people and policy makers de- Peabotuwage et al. Family and species name Common name Bufonidae Adenomus kelaartii Kelaart’s dwarf toad E
Kotagama’s dwarf toad E, EN
Common house toad Microhylidae Kaloula taprobanica Common bull frog Microhyla rubra Red narrow mouth frog Ramanella nagaoi Nagao’s pugsnout frog E, VU
Green-brown pugsnout frog E, NT
Corrugated water frog E
Skipper frog Euphlyctis hexadactylus Sixtoe green frog Fejervarya kirtisinghei Montain paddy field frog E
Common paddy field frog Hoplobatrachus crassus Jerdon’s bull frog Nannophrys ceylonensis Sri Lanka rock frog E, VU
Labugagama shrub frog E
Horton plains shrub frog E, EN
Asanka’s shrub frog E, EN
Hollow snouted shrub frog E, EN
Leafnesting shrub frog E, EN
Leaf dwelling shrub frog E, EN
Anthropogenic shrub frog E
Common shrub frog E
Reticulated-thigh shrub frog E, EN
Kandiyan shrub frog E, NT
Muller’s shrub frog E, EN
Grubby shrub frog E, NT
Orange-canthal shrub frog E, NT
Common hour-glass tree frog E
Mountain tree frog E, EN
Long-snout tree frog E, EN
Small wood frog VU
Common wood frog E, NT
Common yellow-band caecilian E
Lesser yellow-band caecilian E, VU
area (Abbreviations: E – endemic; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened).
058 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 velop agendas that consider the importance of herpeto- fauna in maintaining a balanced and healthy ecosystem. There is no doubt that SNR provides habitat for a high number of amphibian and reptiles species (many endemic and Threatened). We affirm that it is one of the most important herpetofaunal diversity areas in Sri Lanka, especially when considering the future conserva- tion of endemic and threatened herpetofauna. Sri Lanka is known as an important herpetofaunal global hotspot (Bossuyt et al. 2004; Gunawardene et al. 2007; Meegas- kumbura et al. 2002; Pethiyagoda 2005) and harbors an unusually high number of endemic species. Therefore, scientists and policy makers are strongly encouraged to make efforts conducting further research on other fau- nal groups, vegetation, and the forest’s ecosystem as a whole. Furthermore, preserving the valuable herpetofau- nal resources of the Uda Mäliboda Trail is paramount to the conservation of global biological diversity.
sincere gratitude to Thasun Amarasinghe (Taprobanica) for reviewing the earlier draft of the manuscript. We also thank Mendis Wickramasinghe (HFS), Aruna Ka- Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist
Green garden lizard Calotes liolepis Whistling lizard E, VU
Common garden lizard Ceratophora aspera Rough horn lizard E, EN
Lyre-head lizard E, NT
Sri Lankan kangaroo lizard E, NT
Gannoruva day gecko E, DD
Forest day gecko E
Forest gecko sp. Geckoella triedrus Spotted bowfinger gecko E, NT
Four-claw gecko Hemiphyllodactylus typus Slender gecko EN
Kandyan gecko E
Common house gecko Hemidactylus parvimaculatus Spotted house gecko Scincidae Eutropis beddomii Beddome’s stripe skink E, EN
Common skink Eutropis macularia Bronzegreen little skink Eutropis madaraszi Spotted skink E, NT
Catenated lankaskink E
Common lankaskink E
Gans’s lankaskink E, NT
Greer’s lankaskink E
E, DD
Lankascincus sripadensis Peakwilderness lankaskink E, DD
Three toed snakeskink E, EN
Land monitor Varanus salvator Water monitor Pythonidae Python molurus Indian python Cylindrophidae Cylindrophis maculatus Sri Lanka pipe snake E, NT
Green vine snake Ahaetulla pulverulenta Brown vine snake NT
Barnes’s cat snake E, NT
Beddoms cat snake DD
Sri Lanka cat snake VU
Sri Lanka wolf snake E, VU
Trinket snake Dendrelaphis bifrenalis Boulenger’s bronze back E
Common bronze back E
Black spine snake E, DD
Common wolf snake Lycodon striatus Shaw’s wolf snake Oligodon calamarius Templeton’s kukri snake E, VU
Dumerul’s kuki snake E
Rat snake Sibynophis subpunctatus Jerdon’s polyodent Natricidae Amphiesma stolatum Buff striped keelback Aspidura guentheri Ferguson’s roughside E, NT
Sri Lanka keelback E, VU
Olive keelback Xenochrophis asperrimus Checkered keelback E
Jan’s blind snake E, DD
Sri Lanka krait E, NT
Indian cobra Viperidae Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem’s hump nose viper Hypnale zara Zara’s hump-nosed viper E
E
– Near Threatened; DD – Data Deficient.
059 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Peabotuwage et al. runathilake, Nadeesh Gamage, Mahesh De Silva (YZA), Prof. Deepthi Yakandawala, Dr. Suranjan Fernando (Uni- versity of Peradeniya), and other members of the Young Zoologists’ Association of Sri Lanka (YZA) for various help with this study. Villagers in the Uda Mäliboda area are acknowledged for their cooperation, sharing their ob- servations, and logistic support. Finally, we would like to give our special thanks to John Rudge, Daniel Fogell, Kanishka Ukuwela, and Craig Hassapakis (ARC) for reviewing the initial daft of the manuscript and making improvements.
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across the steam and concrete particles dump into the steam). 060 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist Figure 7. Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Male; Endangered). Figure 8. Lankanectes corrugatus (relict). Figure 9. Psedophilautus femoralis (Endangered). Figure 10. Psedophilautus reticulates (Endangered). Figure 11. Pseudophilautus alto (Endangered). Figure 12. Pseudophilautus sarasinorum (Endangered). Figure 13. Ramanella nagaoi (Vulnerable). Figure 14. Taruga longinasus (Endangered). 061 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Peabotuwage et al. Figure 15. Oligodon calamarius (Vulnerable). Figure 16. Dendrelaphis schokari (Endemic). Figure 17. Amphiesma stolatum (red variety). Figure 18. Trimeresurus trigonocephalus (plain variety). Figure 19. Hemidactylus depressus (endemic). Figure 20. Unidentified Cyrtodactylus cf. subsolanus. Figure 21. Lankascincus greeri (endemic). Figure 22. Eutropis macularia (common). 062 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Manamendra-Arachchi K, Batuwita S, Pethiyagoda R. 2007. A tax- onomical revision of the Sri Lankan day-geckos (Reptilia: Gek- konidae: Cnemaspis), with description of new species from Sri Lanka and India. Zeylanica 7(1):9-122. Meegaskumbura M, Bossuyt F, Pethiyagoda R, Manamendra- Arachchi K, Bahir M, Milinkovitch MC, Schneider CJ. 2002. Sri Lanka: An amphibian hotspot. Science 298(5592):379. Meegaskumbura M, Meegaskumbura S, Bowatte G, Manamendra- Arachchi K, Pethiyagoda R, Hanken J, Schneider CJ. 2010. Taruga (Anura: Rhacophoridae), A new genus of Form-nesting tree frogs endemic to Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio science) 39(2):75-94. Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Hoffman M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mitter- meier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB. 2004. Hotspots Revis-
- al, Washington, D.C. 164 p. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversiy hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858. Pethiyagoda R. 2005. Exploring Sri Lanka’s biodiversity. In: Con- tribution to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. Editors, Yeo DCJ, Ng PKL, Pehiyagoda R. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 12:1-4. Pough FH, Andrews RM, Cadle JE, Crump ML, Savitzky AH, Wells KD. 2004. Herpetology. 3rd Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, San Francisco, USA. 726 p. Senanayake FR, Soule M, Senner JW. 1977. Habitat values and en- demicity in the vanishing rainforest of Sri Lanka. Nature 265:351- 354. Senaratna LK. 2001. A Check List of the Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 342 p. Somaweera R. 2006. Sri Lankawe Sarpayan [Snakes of Sri Lanka]. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo Sri Lanka. 88 plates + 440 p. (Text in Sinhala). Somaweera R, Somaweera N. 2009. Lizards of Sri Lanka: A Colour
Germany. 303 p. Spellerberg IF. 1991. Monitoring Ecological Changes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 334 p. Sumida M, Kotaki M, Islam MM, Djong TH, Igawa T, Kondo Y, Matsui M, De Silva A, Khonsue W, Nishioka M. 2007. Evolu- tionary relationships and reproductive isolating mechanisms in the Rice frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) species complex from Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan and Japan, inferred from mtDNA gene sequences, allozymes, and crossing experiments. Zoological Sci- ence 24:547-562. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2011. UNESCO Headquarters, 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352, Paris, 07 SP, France. [Online]. Available: http://whc.unes- co.org/en/list/1203/documents/ [Accessed: 25 November 2011]. Vogel G, Rooijen JV. 2011. A new species of Dendrelaphis (Serpen- tes: Colubridae) from the Western Ghats – India. Taprobanica 3(2):77-86. Wickramasinghe LJM, Rodrigo R, Dayawansa N, Jayantha ULD. 2007a. Two new species of Lankascincus (Squamata: Scincidae) from Sripada. Zootaxa 1612:1-24. Wickramasinghe LJM, Munindradasa DAI. 2007b. Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Sri Lan- ka, with the description of five new species. Zootaxa 1490:1-63. Wijesinghe MR, Dayawansa PN. 2002. The amphibian fauna at two altitudes in the Sinharaja rainforest, Sri Lanka. Herpetological Journal 12:175-178. Manuscript received: 30 November 2011 Accepted: 26 December 2011 Published: 18 January 2012 Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist Figure 23. Ceratophora aspera (Endangered). Figure 24. Calotes liolepis (Vulnerable). 063 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Peabotuwage et al. NUWAN BANDARA is a graduate from the University of Per- adeniya, and his scientific exploration of biodiversity began with the Youth Exploration Society of Sri Lanka (YES) in late 1990. As a member and former president of YES, he is conduct- ing biodiversity conservation and education programs for the Sri Lankan community. His specific fields of research interest are ecosystem services, community-based conservation, tradi- tional agricultural practices, ethnobotany, and local biodiversity and behavioral ecology of herpetofauna and other wild fauna. DINAL SAMARASINGHE is a Sri Lankan herpetologist, wildlife photographer, and member of the Young Zoologists’ Association (YZA) based at the National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka. His research is mainly focused on territoriality, aggressive behavior, and vocal communication in anurans. Presently, he leads a study on systematics, distribution patterns, and ecology of the genus Varanus in India and Sri Lanka. Dinal also works as a venom extractor at the Snake Venom Research Laboratory and Herpetarium (SVRLH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. NIRMALA PERERA is a naturalist and has had a special in- terest in amphibians and reptiles ever since his childhood. He conducts various conservation events on biodiversity restora- tion and education programs for the local community and as an environmentalist, he is engaged in numerous snake rescue programs. He is a member of the Young Zoologists’ Associa- tion (YZA), National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka and cur- rently works as a project manager (Human-Elephant Conflict Program, Udawalawe) for the Born Free Foundation, Sri Lanka country office. INDIKA PEABOTUWAGE is a botanist working at the Depart- ment of Botany, University of Peradeniya and has great skill in botanical illustrating. He is a member of the Young Zoologists Association (YZA) and president of the research committee. During his career, he has participated in several national and international training programs. At present, he works on sev- eral plant based research projects and conserving the vanishing biodiversity in Sri Lanka.
064 amphibian-reptile-conservation.org January 2012 | Volume 5 | Number 2 | e38 Uda Mäliboda trail and a preliminary herpetofaunal checklist CHAMARA AMARASINGHE is a researcher interested in fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. He has a keen interest in freshwa- ter ichthyofauna, butterflies, birds, marine mammals, and bats. He is a wildlife artist and photographer engaged with the Youth Exploration Society of Sri Lanka (YES). He started his passion to explore much of the islands rare and endangered animals at a very young age. Currently, he is working as a naturalist at Jetwing Blue, a prestigious tourist hotel in Sri Lanka. DUSHANTHA KANDAMBI is a researcher conducting and supporting investigations on amphibians and reptiles. He is also engaged in a captive breeding program on threatened spe- cies and rescue events. Additionally, he promotes conservation awareness of the importance of snake fauna among the Sri Lankan community. He is a wildlife artist and photographer enjoying nature. SURANJAN KARUNARATHNA is a field biologist conduc- ing research on amphibian and reptile ecology, and promot- ing conservation awareness of the importance of biodiversity among the Sri Lankan community. He began his career and wildlife research in 2000, as a member of the Young Zoologists’ Association (YZA), National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka. He worked as an ecologist for the IUCN Sri Lanka county of- fice and is an active member of many specialist groups in the IUCN/SSC. MAJINTHA MADAWALA is a naturalist and conducts several habitat restoration programs in many forest areas. He began his career and wildlife interests in 1995 as a member of the Young Zoologists’ Association (YZA), National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka. He holds a Diploma in biodiversity management from the University of Colombo. As a conservationist, he is engaged in numerous snake rescue programs and funding for ongoing research projects. Kataloq: pdfs pdfs -> Bu çalışmanın amacı polikliniğimize başvuran re kurren aftöz stomatit (ras) hastalarının tetikleyici faktör pdfs -> Contributions of Extension to ipm for Invasive Weeds in Florida pdfs -> Əlavə d ətraf Mühitin və Sosial Sahənin İdarə Edilməsi və Monitorinqi Planı cqbk nin Genişləndirilməsi Layihəsi, Azərbaycan Ətraf Mühitə və Sosial Sahəyə Təsirin Qiymətləndirilməsinin Əlavəsi Yekun variant MÜNDƏRİcat pdfs -> Advanced Trauma Life Support (atls) is a course designed to prepare physicians to care for trauma patients, and is certified by the American College of Surgeons pdfs -> Derleme malign Plevral Sıvıların Yönetiminde Medikal Torakoskopi Medical Thoracoscopy in the Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion Özet pdfs -> M e d I x • L i s t o p a d 2 0 0 8 • g o d. X i V • b r o j 7 8 pdfs -> Xüsusi terminlər lüğəti Ağır metallar Yüklə 0,82 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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