Appendix A:
Pre-Land Systems
Summary and Mapping
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Karara Mining Ltd
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Table A. 1: Land systems within the survey area (Van Vreeswyk et al. 1998).
Land system
Landforms
Soils
Vegetation
Euchre (low granite
breakaways with
alluvial plains and
sandy tracts
supporting eucalypt
woodlands and
acacia shrublands).
Breakaways
Very shallow coarse
red clayey sands on
granite on plateau;
stony soils or shallow
duplex on granite on
upper footslopes.
Very scattered to scattered mixed
low shrubland. Dominant low
shrubs include Thryptomene,
Eriostemon and Mirbelia spp. on
plateau; very scattered low
shrublands on upper footslopes.
Lower footslopes
Shallow duplex or
shallow red earths on
granite.
Scattered Eucalyptus loxophleba
woodland with low halophytic
understoreys and scattered low
halophytic shrublands occasionally
dominated by Atriplex vesicaria.
Sandplains/gravelly
sandplains
Deep red or yellow
clayey sands on
gravel.
Moderately close Acacia spp. tall
shrublands.
Stony plains
Shallow red clayey
sands on granite.
Very variable, moderately close tall
shrublands with acacias, E.
loxophleba and halophytic and
non-halophytic undershrubs.
Gritty-surfaced plains
Shallow coarse red
clayey sands on
granite.
Scattered Acacia quadrimarginea
tall shrubland.
Loamy plains
Shallow red earths or
shallow red clayey
sands on hardpan or
deep red earths.
Scattered to moderately close
eucalypt woodland with acacia tall
shrubs and Amphipogon spp. or
Monachather paradoxus perennial
grasses.
Alluvial plains
Shallow duplex or red
earths on granite or
deep duplex.
Scattered to moderately close
eucalypt woodland with 3
halophytic undershrubs,
sometimes with Atriplex spp.
dominant.
Drainage lines (19a)*
Shallow duplex on
granite and shallow
red clayey sands.
Very variable vegetation, some
have moderately close E.
loxophleba woodland with Atriplex
undershrubs.
Joseph (undulating
yellow sandplain
supporting dense
mixed shrublands
with patchy
mallees).
Gravelly sand sheets
Yellow clayey sands
on ironstone gravel at
variable depth.
Close mixed shrublands commonly
with Acacia, Melaleuca and
Allocasuarina spp. mid and tall
shrubs, and low heath shrubs or
moderately close to close acacia
tall shrublands with an
Amphipogon caricinus layer.
Sand sheets (9)*
Deep yellow and red
clayey sands.
Close to closed mixed shrublands
commonly with acacia and
melaleuca tall shrubs and low
heath shrubs such as Eriostemon
and Thryptomene sp. or
moderately close to close acacia
tall shrubland.
Karara Mining Ltd
Hinge Iron Ore Study – Vegetation and Flora Survey, May 2013
Land system
Landforms
Soils
Vegetation
Loamy plains
Variable shallow red
clayey sands on
granite, sandy red
earths and occasional
deep clays.
Scattered eucalypt woodland with
tall Acacia ramulosa and mixed low
shrubs or moderately close A.
ramulosa tall shrubland.
Gritty-surfaced plains
(32)*
Shallow coarse red
clayey sands on
granite.
Scattered acacia tall shrublands
often with Borya sphaerocephala in
the ground layer, and very
scattered low myrtaceous
shrublands.
Tallering (prominent
ridges and hills of
banded ironstone,
dolerite and
sedimentary rocks).
Ridges and hills
Shallow stony red
earths.
Scattered to moderately close tall
shrublands of A. ramulosa and
other acacias with undershrubs
such a Thryptomene and
Eriostemon spp.
Steeped surfaces
Stony soils.
Very scattered mixed height
shrublands with A. ramulosa and
well developed non-halophytic
understoreys.
Hillslopes (2)*
Shallow red earths
and stony red earths.
Scattered to moderately close tall
shrublands of A. ramulosa and
other acacias. Understorey species
include Eremophila spp., Ptilotus
obovatus, Thryptomene spp. and
Eriostemon spp.
Stony plains/gravelly
plains
Shallow stony red
earth and red clayey
sands with
ferruginous gravel.
Scattered to moderately close tall
shrublands of A. ramulosa and
other acacias. Undershrubs include
Eremophila spp., Ptilotus obovatus,
Thryptomene and Eriostemon spp.
Narrow drainage tracts
Deep red clayey
sands.
Scattered to moderately close tall
shrublands of A. ramulosa and
other species with Eremophila
forrestii and Ptilotus obovatus low
shrubs.
Tealtoo (level to
gently undulating
loamy plains with
fine ironstone lag
gravel supporting
dense acacia
shrublands).
Stony plains
Shallow red earths on
ironstone gravel or
parent rock.
Moderately close acacia tall
shrublands.
Gravelly plains/loamy
plains
Deep red earths on
ironstone gravel or
hardpan at variable
depth.
Moderately close acacia tall
shrublands with Acacia aneura
trees and A. ramulosa, or eucalypt
mallee overstorey, or close
Allocasuarina eriochlamys subsp.
eriochlamys – A. coolgardiensis tall
shrubland with low and mid
myrtaceous shrubs.
Gravelly hardpan
plains
Shallow hardpan
loams or red earths
on hardpan.
Scattered to moderately close
acacia tall shrublands including A.
aneura, A. ramulosa, A. linophylla
and A. acuminata subsp. burkittii.
Karara Mining Ltd
Hinge Iron Ore Study – Vegetation and Flora Survey, May 2013
Land system
Landforms
Soils
Vegetation
Gravelly sand sheets
(13)*
Shallow red clayey
sands with
ferruginous gravel on
hardpan or gravel.
Moderately close acacia tall
shrublands with mallee eucalypts.
Understorey species include
Prostanthera, Phebalium and
Mirbelia spp.
Alluvial plains
Deep red earths.
Scattered acacia tall shrublands
with Eucalyptus loxophleba
overstorey and Atriplex
bunburyana understorey or
moderately close acacia tall
shrublands.
Yowie (loamy plains
supporting
shrublands of mulga
and bowgada with
patchy wanderrie
grasses).
Loamy plains
Variable depth red
clayey sands, hardpan
loams and red earths
on hardpan.
Moderately close acacia tall
shrublands, dominated by Acacia
ramulosa, A. coolgardiensis, A.
acuminata subsp. burkittii or A.
aneura, often with emergent A.
aneura trees, or Callitris
glaucophylla trees, or mallee
eucalypts. Occasional Eucalyptus
loxophleba woodlands with acacia
tall shrubs.
Sand sheets (13)*
Deep red clayey
sands.
Moderately close acacia tall
shrublands, or acacia shrubland
with mallee eucalypts, rarely
Triodia basedowii hummock
grasslands with acacia and eucalypt
overstoreys.
Hardpan plains
Shallow hardpan
loams, red clayey
sands and red earths
on hardpan. Deep red
earths and sandy red
earths.
Scattered acacia tall shrublands.
Gravelly plains
Variable depth red
clayey sands with
ferruginous gravel
over hardpan.
Moderately close A. aneura or A.
ramulosa tall shrublands with
occasional mallees, and sparse
perennial grasses.
Narrow drainage tracts
Deep red earths and
juvenile alluvial
deposits.
Moderately close to close acacia
tall shrublands with scattered trees
and mallees.
*Identifies the landforms that are the most similar to the modified Woodman FCTs.
Karara Mining Ltd
Hinge Iron Ore Study – Vegetation and Flora Survey, May 2013
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YOW
TAL
JOS
EUC
TEA
TAL
486000
487000
488000
489000
67
86
00
0
67
87
00
0
67
88
00
0
67
89
00
0
67
90
00
0
±
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Metres
Appendix A1: Land Systems in the Hinge Survey Area
Author: M. Gardener
Date: 12-12-2012
Datum: GDA 1994 - Projection: MGA Zone 50 - Scale: 1:15,000 (A3)
Drawn: C. Dyde
Figure Ref: 16002-12FMV1RevA_20121212_AppendixA1_LandSys
Karara Mining Ltd.
Hinge Vegetation and Flora Survey
Legend
Hinge Survey Area
Tracks
Land Types
(and their component land systems)
LAND TYPE 1. Hills and ranges with acacia shrublands
Prominent ridges and hills of banded ironstone,
dolerite and sedimentary rocks supporting
bowgada and other acacia shrublands.
Low granite breakaways with alluvial plains and
sandy tracts supporting eucalypt woodlands and
acacia shrublands.
LAND TYPE 5. Mesas, breakaways and stony plains with
acacia or eucalypt woodlands and halophytic shrublands
Tallering
Euchre
Undulating yellow sandplain supporting dense
mixed shrublands with patchy mallees.
LAND TYPE 26. Sandplains with acacia, mallees and heath
Joseph
Level to gently undulating loamy plains
with fine ironstone lag gravel supporting dense
acacia shrublands.
LAND TYPE 29. Sandy plains with acacia shrublands
and wanderrie grasses
Tealtoo
Sandy plains supporting shrublands of mulga and
bowgada with patchy wanderrie grasses.
Yowie
TAL
EUC
JOS
TEA
YOW
Karara Mining Ltd
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Karara Mining Ltd
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Appendix B: Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Threatened and
Priority Ecological Communities
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Karara Mining Ltd
Hinge Iron Ore Study - Vegetation and Flora Survey, May 2013
Table B.1: Categories of Threatened Ecological Communities (DEC 2010).
PD: Presumed Destroyed
An ecological community that has been adequately searched for but for which no representative
occurrences have been located. The community has been found to be totally destroyed or so extensively
modified throughout its range that no occurrence of it is likely to recover its species composition and/or
structure in the foreseeable future.
An ecological community will be listed as presumed totally destroyed if there are no recent records of the
community being extant and either of the following applies ( A or B):
A) Records within the last 50 years have not been confirmed despite thorough searches of known or likely
habitats or
B) All occurrences recorded within the last 50 years have since been destroyed.
CR : Critically Endangered
An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major
contraction in area and/or that was originally of limited distribution and is facing severe modification or
destruction throughout its range in the immediate future, or is already severely degraded throughout its
range but capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated.
An ecological community will be listed as Critically Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is
found to be facing an extremely high risk of total destruction in the immediate future. This will be
determined on the basis of the best available information, by it meeting any one or more of the following
criteria (A, B or C):
A) The estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences
since European settlement have been reduced by at least 90% and either or both of the following apply (i or
ii):
i) geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are continuing to
decline such that total destruction of the community is imminent (within approximately 10 years);
ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the immediate future (within approximately
10 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially rehabilitated.
B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii):
i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the
community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction
throughout its range in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years);
ii) there are very few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and extremely vulnerable to known
threatening processes;
iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is very small and each occurrence is small and/or isolated
and extremely vulnerable to known threatening processes.
C) The ecological community exists only as highly modified occurrences that may be capable of being
rehabilitated if such work begins in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years).
En: Endangered
An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major
contraction in area and/or was originally of limited distribution and is in danger of significant modification
throughout its range or severe modification or destruction over most of its range in the near future.
An ecological community will be listed as Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is not
Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of total destruction in the near future. This will be
determined on the basis of the best available information by it meeting any one or more of the following
criteria (A, B, or C):
A) The geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences have been
reduced by at least 70% since European settlement and either or both of the following apply (i or ii):
i) the estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are
continuing to decline such that total destruction of the community is likely in the short term future (within
approximately 20 years);
Karara Mining Ltd
Hinge Iron Ore Study - Vegetation and Flora Survey, May 2013
ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the short term future (within approximately
20 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated.
B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii):
i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the
community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction
throughout its range in the short term future (within approximately 20 years);
ii) there are few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and all or most occurrences are very
vulnerable to known threatening processes;
iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is small and all or most occurrences are small and/or
isolated and very vulnerable to known threatening processes.
C) The ecological community exists only as very modified occurrences that may be capable of being
substantially restored or rehabilitated if such work begins in the short-term future (within approximately 20
years).
VU: Vulnerable
An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is found to be declining and/or has
declined in distribution and/or condition and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured and/or a
community that is still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher threat in the near
future if threatening processes continue or begin operating throughout its range.
An ecological community will be listed as Vulnerable when it has been adequately surveyed and is not
Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of total destruction or significant modification in
the medium to long-term future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information by it
meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B or C):
A) The ecological community exists largely as modified occurrences that are likely to be capable of being
substantially restored or rehabilitated.
B) The ecological community may already be modified and would be vulnerable to threatening processes, is
restricted in area and/or range and/or is only found at a few locations.
C) The ecological community may be still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher
threat in the medium to long term future because of existing or impending threatening processes.
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Table B.2: Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Priority Ecological Communities: Priority Ecological communities (DEC
2010).
Possible threatened ecological communities that do not meet survey criteria or that are not
adequately defined are added to the Priority Ecological Community Lists under Priorities 1, 2 and 3.
Ecological Communities that are adequately known, and are rare but not threatened or meet criteria
for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list, are placed in
Priority 4. These ecological communities require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent
ecological communities are placed in Priority 5.
P1: Priority One – Poorly-known ecological communities
Ecological communities with apparently few, small occurrences, all or most not actively managed for
conservation (e.g. within agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, active mineral leases) and for which
current threats exist. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well-known from one or more
localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be
under immediate threat from known threatening processes across their range.
P2: Priority Two – Poorly-Known ecological communities
Communities that are known from few small occurrences, all or most of which are actively managed for
conservation (e.g. within national parks, conservation parks, nature reserves, State forest, unallocated
Crown land, water reserves, etc.) and not under imminent threat of destruction or degradation.
Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not
meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under threat from
known threatening processes.
P3: Priority Three – Poorly-Known ecological communities
(i) Communities that are known from several to many occurrences, a significant number or area of which are
not under threat of habitat destruction or degradation or:
(ii) communities known from a few widespread occurrences, which are either large or within significant
remaining areas of habitat in which other occurrences may occur, much of it not under imminent threat, or;
(iii) communities made up of large, and/or widespread occurrences, that may or not be represented in the
reserve system, but are under threat of modification across much of their range from processes such as
grazing by domestic and/or feral stock, and inappropriate fire regimes.
Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet
adequacy of survey requirements and/or are not well defined, and known threatening processes exist that
could affect them.
P4: Priority Four
Ecological communities that are adequately known, rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near
Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list. These communities require
regular monitoring.
(a) Rare. Ecological communities known from few occurrences that are considered to have been adequately
surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and that are considered not currently threatened or
in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. These communities are usually
represented on conservation lands.
(b) Near Threatened. Ecological communities that are considered to have been adequately surveyed and
that do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but that are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
(c) Ecological communities that have been removed from the list of threatened communities during the past
five years.
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