By Malin Rivers, Kirsty Shaw, Emily Beech and Meirion Jones
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees
- BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL
- FAUNA FLORA INTERNATIONAL
- THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN
- 1.2 Conservation of trees
- 2. Methodology
- 2.2 Ex situ collections of threatened trees
- 4. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Useful Links
- Annex II
- The compiled list of threatened trees includes 9,641 taxa, 1,894 of which are Critically Endangered, 3,436 of which are Endangered and 4,311 are Vulnerable.
- Key threats impacting trees in the wild
| Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections
By Malin Rivers, Kirsty Shaw, Emily Beech and Meirion Jones October 2015 Recommended citation: Rivers, M., Shaw, K., Beech, E. and Jones, M. (2015). Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees: A global survey of ex situ collections. BGCI. Richmond, UK. ISBN-10: 1-905164-61-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-61-5 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. Authors: Malin Rivers is Red List Manager at BGCI. Kirsty Shaw is Conservation Manager at BGCI. Emily Beech is Conservation Assistant at BGCI. Meirion Jones is Head of Information Management at BGCI. Printed on 100% Post-Consumer Recycled Paper. Design: John Morgan www.seascapedesign.co.uk Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections
Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 2 BGCI gratefully acknowledges the support of botanical experts from around the world, who helped provide and review information to compile our list of the world’s most threatened trees. Particular thanks go to members of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group who kindly reviewed the list at various stages of development. BGCI would also like to thank the following organisations for contributing their regionally or taxonomically focused expertise to support development of the threatened tree list: SANBI, NatureServe, National Red List, Centro Nacional de Conservação de Flora Brazil, the East African Plant Red List Authority, the Centro de Ecologia Functional, University of Coimbra, Portugal and the Namibian Botanical Research Insitute. We are also thankful to the many botanic gardens around the world that contributed collection data to this survey by uploading their collection lists to BGCI’s PlantSearch database. A full list of contributing gardens is provided in Annex 3. We would also like to thank the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for cross-checking our compiled list of threatened trees with collection records held in the Millennium Seed Bank (MSB) Data Warehouse. Finally, BGCI would like to thank the Garfield Weston Foundation and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for their support to the Global Trees Campaign team to undertake this survey. We hope this survey guides and supports decision-making for future seed collecting and conservation programmes in botanic gardens and other conservation institutions internationally. Finally, the authors of this report would like to thank BGCI colleagues for their support in producing this report.
Front cover: Middle left (Andreas Kay, Flickr), Bottom right: (Frank Mbago, University of Dar es Salaam). Back cover: Middle left (George Schatz, Missouri Botanical Garden). Unless otherwise credited, photos are by BGCI.
(BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and the world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of human needs. THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a partnership between BGCI and FFI. Our mission is to prevent all tree species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife and the wider environment. We do this through provision of information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable use, working with partner organizations around the world. BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International CBD Convention on Biological Diversity FFI Fauna & Flora International GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN/SSC International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission EX Extinct CR Critically Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened Acronyms IUCN Red List categories Acknowledgements
Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 3 Summary ...................................................................................4 1. Introduction ...........................................................................6 1.1 Tree red listing ..............................................................6
.......................................................................12 2.1 Global list of threatened trees .................................12 Scope ..........................................................................12 Conservation ratings ...................................................12 Tree definition ..............................................................12 Taxonomy ....................................................................13 2.2 Ex situ collections of threatened trees ....................14 3. Results and Analysis ..........................................................15 3.1 Global list of threatened trees ..................................15
................................19 4.1 Conclusions ................................................................19 4.2 Recommendations.....................................................19 Red listing....................................................................19 Ex situ collections ........................................................19 Integrated conservation...............................................21 4.3 Next steps...................................................................22 Future work..................................................................22 Taking action................................................................22
Useful Links .............................................................................26
..............................................................................28 Annexes ...................................................................................29 Annex I Critically Endangered and Endangered taxa with number of reported ex situ collections ...............29 Annex II Red list publications consulted ...........................80 Annex III Participating institutions.....................................82 Boxes
1. Global Trees Campaign................................................ 5 2. Global Tree Assessment ...............................................7 3. Tree values ....................................................................8 4. PlantSearch.................................................................11 5. Trees with a large number of ex situ collections............23 6. Trees that are under-represented in ex situ collections....................................................24 7. GlobalTreeSearch – a world list of trees .....................25 Betulaceae collections at Wakehurst Place Betula chichibuensis (CR) reported in 27 ex situ collections Contents Case studies 1. In situ action: Monitoring, protecting and reinforcing threatened apples and pears in Central Asia...................................................................9
tree species.................................................................13 4. Living collections of threatened trees: an opportunity for education and research.................14 5. Improving the genetic diversity of ex situ collections of the Vietnamese Golden Cypress to support reintroduction programmes.......................17
in East Africa ...............................................................20 Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 4 Trees are of immense economic, cultural and ecological importance. Efforts are urgently required to prevent the loss of tree species and the associated ecosystem services that they support. Botanic gardens have a crucial role to play. This report presents the results of a survey of ex situ collections of the world’s most threatened trees undertaken by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) as part of our ongoing contributions to the Global Trees Campaign (GTC). The report provides an overview of the current status of ex situ collections of threatened trees. Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), calls for:
by 2020.
To undertake this survey, a global list of threatened trees was compiled as a first step. Conservation assessments were gathered from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, regional, national and taxonomically focused red lists. This is the first time a comprehensive global list of threatened trees has been developed from such a wide range of sources, and reviewed by regional and taxonomic experts.
The list of the world’s most threatened trees, assessed as Critically Endangered and Endangered (referred to as CR and EN trees), was then compared to ex situ collection records held in BGCI’s PlantSearch database, to provide the first global measurement of progress in ex situ conservation of the world’s most threatened trees. The results show that only 26% of CR and EN trees are represented in ex situ collections (1,389 out of 5,330), falling far short of the 75% called for in Target 8 of the GSPC and highlighting a huge gap in current collections. Trees reported as absent from collections should be brought into ex situ collections as a matter of urgency. A full list of CR and EN trees and their representation in ex situ collections is available in Annex 1. This report calls for a much greater global effort in tree red listing and conservation, to identify and protect CR and EN trees. The report enables botanic gardens, arboreta and seed banks to plan and prioritise future collecting efforts. Recommendations are provided for maximising conservation value of ex situ collections and adopting an integrated approach to conservation of threatened trees. It is anticipated that this report will mobilize increased support from policy makers and funders to save the world’s most threatened trees, ensuring their unique values continue to provide benefit to humans and the wider environment. Summary Gigasiphon macrosiphon (CR) reported in 7 ex situ collections Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 5 Eligmocarpus cynometroides (CR) reported in 1 ex situ collection Box 1: Global Trees Campaign The Global Trees Campaign (GTC) is a joint initiative between Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and Fauna & Flora International (FFI) launched in 1999. Since its initiation, the GTC has expanded significantly, running projects that directly support the conservation of threatened tree species with partners in over 25 countries, leading training programmes to build capacity for tree conservation, and campaigning to scale up the use of threatened trees in planting schemes and conservation programmes. The GTC recognises that saving forests will not necessarily save the immense variety of tree species. Individual species play a myriad of economic, ecological, and cultural roles highly valued by today’s society. We depend on trees in our everyday lives – they provide us with food, timber and medicine. Furthermore, millions of species of plants and animals are intrinsically linked to tree species, depending on them for their survival. The GTC therefore adopts a species-focused approach to drive and guide tree conservation efforts worldwide, through four main approaches: 1. Prioritisation of tree species of greatest conservation concern
2. Empowering partners and practitioners to undertake tree conservation 3. Taking direct action to secure priority tree species 4. Mobilizing other groups to act for threatened trees The GTC provides a vehicle for guiding conservation action for the world’s most threatened trees, for promoting the tree conservation work of our international network of partners, and for sharing best practice. To find out more about the Global Trees Campaign please visit our website www.globaltrees.org Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 6 This survey has been undertaken by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) as part of our ongoing contributions to the Global Trees Campaign (GTC, Box 1), a joint initiative between BGCI and Fauna & Flora International (FFI) to prevent all tree species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their continued benefits for humans, wildlife and the wider environment. This report presents a comprehensive list of the world’s most threatened trees, and their representation in ex situ collections. It is the result of a collaborative international effort, with contributions from tree experts and collections of botanic gardens, arboreta and seed banks from around the world. It is intended that this report is used by these institutions to support collection planning of threatened trees. In addition to the results of this ex situ survey of the world’s most threatened trees, we also highlight case studies of Global Trees Campaign projects to demonstrate best practice conservation action from around the world, and recommendations for improving the conservation value of ex situ collections. 1.1 Tree red listing Red lists are widely used to list taxa at risk of extinction. The process of red listing assigns a conservation assessment category, based on parameters such as population size and structure, distribution and rate of decline. The most comprehensive database of conservation assessments is the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2015). The first analysis of threatened trees was published in the book The World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al., 1998). From this publication over 7,000 conservation assessments of trees were added to the IUCN Red List. Since then approximately 3,000 trees have been added, taking the total to 10,082 (IUCN v. 2015.2). Of the trees on the IUCN Red List about two thirds have been identified as threatened with extinction. However, the IUCN Red List is by no means the only compilation of conservation assessment data. Governments and other organizations monitor threat status, including national, regional, and taxonomically focused red list initiatives. Important geographic contributions to tree red listing include national and regional red lists from South Africa, China and Brazil, as well as contributions from other IUCN/SSC Specialist Groups. The National Red List website provides a centralised hub to bring existing national red list information together, to promote and publicise the information within them, and enable further development, use and analysis (National Red List, 2014). Other important contributions include taxonomically focused red list reports for Magnoliaceae, Maples, Oaks, Rhododendrons and Betulaceae produced by BGCI and the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (see Useful links section on page 26). Other IUCN/SSC Specialist Groups have also contributed tree assessments, for example the Conifer Specialist Group has assessed all of the world’s conifers (all included in the IUCN Red List), and the Palm Specialist Group has assessed all palms in Madagascar (Rakotoarinivo
1. Introduction Latania loddigesii (EN) reported in 47 ex situ collections
Land clearance & habitat degradation Unsustainable exploitation of species Low genetic diversity Slow or poor natural regeneration Tree predators Invasive species Pests & diseases Changing climate Key ecological relationships lost Table 1: Key threats impacting trees in the wild Conserving the World’s Most Threatened Trees A global survey of ex situ collections 7 1.2 Conservation of trees Humans, biodiversity and healthy ecosystem functioning depend on maintenance of plant diversity. A large number of unique properties and values contributing to the above are offered by individual trees (see Box 3 for more information on values and example species). Some trees provide direct and tangible benefits to humans, whereas others offer indirect benefits that are harder to quantify. Some tree species offer food or livelihood benefits that help sustain human populations. Others act as keystone species in an ecosystem, or serve as flagships to drive larger conservation programmes. Conservation of each individual tree species is therefore of great importance. A variety of conservation actions can be undertaken for threatened trees, each approach offering different merits. Not all approaches will be possible for all trees, and the Tree diversity managed and monitored in natural habitats. This may include establishment of protected areas, monitoring and patrolling of individual species or populations, sustainable harvesting from wild populations and mechanisms to prevent illegal logging. Tree diversity curated outside of natural habitats. Ex situ collections are held in the form of germplasm (seed banks, cryopreservation, micropropagation) or living plants (conservation collections, reference collections or display specimens). Actions to improve the status of in situ populations and their habitats. Well managed ex situ collections consisting of genetically diverse material can provide material for reintroduction, recovery and restoration programmes. Research into the reproductive biology, genetics and ecology of tree species informs conservation actions. In situ Ex situ Reintroduction, recovery and restoration programmes Research
Box 2: Global Tree Assessment Despite the importance of trees, many are threatened by over-exploitation and habitat destruction, as well as by pests, diseases, drought and their interaction with global climate change (Table 1). In order to estimate the impact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a complete assessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the Global Tree Assessment. The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of the world’s tree species by 2020 using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The assessment will highlight the true scale of extinction faced by trees, will identify those tree species that are at greatest risk of extinction and will provide information that is essential to the development of conservation plans. To achieve this we need to first generate a complete global list of tree species, in order to do a gap analysis where the conservation assessment information (both taxonomically and geographically) is missing. The work of the Global Tree Assessment is coordinated by the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (GTSG); however, for the Global Tree Assessment to succeed, it will need participative, open-access approaches to data sharing and evaluation, and the development of an even more extensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort of many institutions and individuals (Newton et al., 2015). appropriate action will be dependent on the specific tree taxon in question. An integrated conservation approach is recommended, involving a combination of the approaches outlined in Table 2. Box 1 provides information on the work of the Global Trees Campaign, an international initiative to safeguard the world’s threatened trees from extinction. The Global Tree Specialist Group (GTSG) has a target to ensure there are conservation assessments for every tree species by 2020 – the Global Tree Assessment (Box 2). With an estimated 50,000-80,000 tree species worldwide (BGCI, unpublished list), there is still considerable tree red listing to be done. Prior to this survey there was no single list of globally threatened trees. Zelkova abelicea (EN) reported in 21 ex situ collections Kataloq: wp-content -> uploads -> 2015 2015 -> Oitsning ma’nosi – Orttirilgan Immunitet Tanqisligi Sindromi. Bu dahshatli va bedavo kasallik hozirgi zamonning “vabosi” deb yuritiladi 2015 -> Klinik protokol Az ərbaycan Respublikas 2015 -> Приложение №3 Информированное согласие пациента на пародонтологическое лечение 2015 -> Vision, missions et structuration 2015 -> Ümumi məlumat 2015 -> Azərbaycanda siyasi məhbusların 2015 -> Yaxşı biznes planı qurmağın 9 yolu 2015 -> Kənd Təsərrüfatı İlin də Azərbaycan Respublikasında aqroparkların formalaşdırılması mexanizmləri və fermərlərin prosesdə iştirakçılığının gücləndirilməsi 2015 -> Premedikasyon • Xylazine Hydrochlorure Rompun Yüklə 3,26 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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