Central american ecosystems map
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. CENTRAL AMERICAN ECOSYSTEMS MAP ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
Daan Vreugdenhil Jan Meerman Luis Diego Gómez Douglas J. Graham
Financed under the Partnership Agreement between The World Bank and the Government of the Netherlands Collaborating institutions: National environmental institutions, ngo’s and biological departments of universities of all CCAD member countries; The World Bank; The Netherlands Ministry of Development Cooperation; UNDP regional office; CCAD/NASA project; USAID/PROARCA/CAPAS, CCAD/NASA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Central American Ecosystems Map is the culmina-tion of decades of research by ecologists from across the region, many of whom worked directly or indirectly from national university positions. Production of the map was a team effort by the biodiversity and environmental conservation institutions of the Central American countries and their coordinating institution, the Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD). The project team — under the overall coordination of Daan Vreugdenhil of the World Institute for Conservation and Environment (WICE) and Douglas J. Graham of the World Bank — is grateful for the vision and support of Mauricio Castro, Executive Director of CCAD, and Lorenzo Cardenal, Director of CCAD’s Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) project. The Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñaza (CATIE) in Costa Rica was contracted to pre-pare a final Arcview file of the regional map based on the national map files. Table 1 in the main report pro- vides a complete list of collaborating institutions and key officials. The main participating scientists are listed on the previous page. This effort was made possible by financing from a variety of sources: The Netherlands, the Global Envi-ronment Facility (through national MBC projects imple-mented by the World Bank and a regional MBC project implemented through the UNDP), the participating countries, and the World Bank. The initiative cost roughly $2 million and was carried out between early 1999 and mid-2001. We particularly would like to recognize the encour-agement of Mark E. Cackler, John Redwood, Teresa Serra, and Arsenio Rodríguez of the World Bank, Ton van der Zon of the Directorate General for Technical Cooperation of the Netherlands, and Sjef IJzermans of the Netherlands Embassy in Washington. Words of appreciation also go to supporting staff of the World Bank, in particular to Marie-Claude Haxaire, Diana Montas, Lia van Broekhoven, and Peter Brandriss. INDEX
VOLUME II Table of contents CCAD 1 DGIS 1
The World Bank 1 CIENTIFICOS INTERNACIONALES PRINCIPALES 2 Table of contents 4 1. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD 21 2. DESCRIPTIONS 22 DESCRIPtION 22 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE and map code 22 NAME 22
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (1) 22 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (1) 22 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 22 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 22 CHARACTERISTICS 27 DESCRIPTION 27 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 27 NAME 27
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained on karstic hills (2) 27 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained on karstic hills (2) 27 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 27 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 27 CHARACTERISTIC 29 DESCRIPTION 29 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 29 NAME 29
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (3) 29 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (3) 29 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 29 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 29 CHARACTERISTIC 32 DESCRIPTION 32 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 32 NAME 32
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on calcareous soils (4) 32 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on calcareous soils (4) 32 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 32 CHARACTERISTIC 33 DESCRIPTION 33 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 33 NAME 33 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on poor or sandy soils (5) 33 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on poor or sandy soils (5) 33 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 33 CHARACTERISTIC 35 DESCRIPTIon 35 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 35 NAME 35
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest (6) 35 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest (6) 35 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 35 CHARACTERISTICS 38 DESCRIPTION 38 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 38 NAME 38 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (7) 38 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (7) 38 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 38 CHARACTERISTICS 40 DESCRIPTION 40 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 40 NAME 40
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane palm forest (8) 40 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane palm forest (8) 40 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 40 CHARACTERISTICS 41 DESCRIPTION 41 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 41 NAME 41 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest (9) 41 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest (9) 41 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 41 CHARACTERISTICS 46 DESCRIPTION 46 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 46 NAME 46
Tropical evergreen mixed lower-montane forest (10) 46 Tropical evergreen mixed lower-montane forest (10) 46 CHARACTERISTICS 48 DESCRIPTION 48 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 48 NAME 48
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest with palms (11) 48 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest with palms (11) 48 CHARACTERISTICS 49 DESCRIPTION 49 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 49 NAME 49
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved upper-montane forest (12) 49 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved upper-montane forest (12) 49 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 49 CHARACTERISTICS 52 DESCRIPTION 52 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 52 NAME 52 Tropical evergreen mixed upper-montane forest (14) 52 Tropical evergreen mixed upper-montane forest (14) 52 CHARACTERISTICS 54 DESCRIPTION 54 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 54 NAME 54 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved altimontane forest (15) 54 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved altimontane forest (15) 54 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 54 CHARACTERISTICS# 56 DESCRIPTION 56 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 56 NAME 56
Tropical evergreen mixed altimontane forest (16) 56 Tropical evergreen mixed altimontane forest (16) 56 CHARACTERISTIC 57 DESCRIPTION 57 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 57 NAME 57
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally flooded (17) 57 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally flooded (17) 57 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 57 CHARACTERISTIC 60 DESCRIPTION 60 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 60 NAME 60 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved permanently inundated lowland swamp forest (20) 60 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved permanently inundated lowland swamp forest (20) 60 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 60 CHARACTERISTICS 62 DESCRIPTION 62 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 62 NAME 62
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, permanently inundated, Campnosperma panamensis variant (20-C) 62 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, permanently inundated, Campnosperma panamensis variant (20-C) 62 CHARACTERISTICS 63 DESCRIPTION 63 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 63 NAME 63
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest with palm, permanently inundated (21) 63 Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest with palm, permanently inundated (21) 63 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 63 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 63 CHARACTERISTIC 65 DESCRIPTION 65 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 65 NAME 65
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (22) 65 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (22) 65 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 65 CHARACTERISTIC 69 DESCRIPTION 69 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 69 NAME 69 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (23) 69 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (23) 69 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 69 CHARACTERISTIC 71 DESCRIPTION 71 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 71 NAME 71
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, well-drained (24) 71 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, well-drained (24) 71 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 71 CHARACTERISTIC 72 DESCRIPTION 72 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 72 NAME 72 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed, well-drained forest, on calcareous soils (25) 72 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed, well-drained forest, on calcareous soils (25) 72 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 72 CHARACTERISTIC 73 DESCRIPTION 73 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 73 NAME 73
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (26) 73 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (26) 73 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 73 CHARACTERISTIC 75 DESCRIPTION 75 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 75 NAME 75 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on calcareous soils (28) 75 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on calcareous soils (28) 75 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 75 CHARACTERISTIC 79 DESCRIPTION 79 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 79 NAME 79
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest dominated with bamboo on calcareous soils (29) 79 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest dominated with bamboo on calcareous soils (29) 79 WATER REGIME 79 VEGETATION DATA 79 CHARACTERISTIC 80 DESCRIPTION 80 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 80 NAME 80
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, moderately drained (30) 80 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, moderately drained (30) 80 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 80 CHARACTERISTIC 82 DESCRIPTION 82 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 82 NAME 82 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (31) 82 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (31) 82 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 82 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 82 CHARACTERISTIC 84 DESCRIPTION 84 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 84 NAME 84 Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional latifoliado de tierras bajas, en suelos infértiles o arenosos (27) 84 Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional latifoliado de tierras bajas, en suelos infértiles o arenosos (27) 84 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 84 CHARACTERISTIC 85 DESCRIPTION 85 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 85 NAME 85
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest (32) 85 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest (32) 85 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 85 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 85 CHARACTERISTIC 87 DESCRIPTION 87 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 87 NAME 87
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (33) 87 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (33) 87 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 87 CHARACTERISTIC 88 DESCRIPTION 88 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 88 NAME 88 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest (34) 88 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest (34) 88 ST = variant simarouba-terminalia extends across large areas of the Maya mountains. 88 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 88 CHARACTERISTIC 91 DESCRIPTION 91 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 91 NAME 91 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (35) 91 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (35) 91 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 91 CHARACTERISTIC 92 DESCRIPTION 92 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 92 NAME 92
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved submontane forest (37) 92 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved submontane forest (37) 92 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 92 CHARACTERISTIC 95 DESCRIPTION 95 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 95 NAME 95 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved montane forest (38) 95 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved montane forest (38) 95 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 95 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 95 CHARACTERISTIC 98 DESCRIPTION 98 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 98 NAME 98 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed montane forest (39) 98 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed montane forest (39) 98 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 98 CHARACTERISTIC 99 DESCRIPTION 99 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 99 NAME 99
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved montane forest (40) 99 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved montane forest (40) 99 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 99 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 99 CHARACTERISTIC 100 DESCRIPTION 100 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 100 NAME 100
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved upper-montane forest (41) 100 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved upper-montane forest (41) 100 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 100 CHARACTERISTIC 101 DESCRIPTION 101 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 101 NAME 101 Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional mixto montano superior (42) 101 Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional mixto montano superior (42) 101 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 101 CHARACTERISTIC 102 DESCRIPTION 102 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 102 NAME 102
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved upper-montane forest (43) 102 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved upper-montane forest (43) 102 CHARACTERISTIC 103 DESCRIPTION 103 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 103 NAME 103
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved altimontane forest (44) 103 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved altimontane forest (44) 103 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 103 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 103 CHARACTERISTIC 104 DESCRIPTION 104 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 104 NAME 104
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed altimontane forest (45) 104 Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed altimontane forest (45) 104 Ecosystem dynamics 104 Climatic conditions 104 Fire exposure 104 Special conditions 104 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 104 WATER REGIME 104 VEGETATION DATA 104 OTHER OBSERVATIONS 105 Literature 105 CHARACTERISTIC 106 DESCRIPCION 106 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 106 NAME 106 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved altimontane forest (46) 106 Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved altimontane forest (46) 106 Ecosystem dynamics 106 Geology 106 Climatic conditions 106 Special conditions 106 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 106 WATER REGIME 106 VEGETATION DATA 106 CHARACTERISTIC 107 DESCRIPTION 107 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 107 NAME 107
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally inundated (47) 107 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally inundated (47) 107 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 107 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 107 CHARACTERISTIC 110 DESCRIPTION 110 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 110 NAME 110
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, seasonally inundated (48) 110 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, seasonally inundated (48) 110 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 110 CHARACTERISTIC 112 DESCRIPTION 112 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 112 NAME 112 Tropical evergreen seasonal alluvial forest dominated by bamboo, seasonally inundated (49) 112 Tropical evergreen seasonal alluvial forest dominated by bamboo, seasonally inundated (49) 112 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 112 CHARACTERISTIC 114 DESCRIPTION 114 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 114 NAME 114
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (50) 114 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (50) 114 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 114 CHARACTERISTIC 117 DESCRIPTION 117 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 117 NAME 117 Tropical evergreen seasonal lowland broad-leaved palm swamp forest (51, 53) 117 Tropical evergreen seasonal lowland broad-leaved palm swamp forest (51, 53) 117 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 117 CHARACTERISTIC 119 DESCRIPTION 119 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 119 NAME 119
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (52, 54) 119 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (52, 54) 119 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 119 CHARACTERISTIC 121 DESCRIPTION 121 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 121 NAME 121 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, seasonally inundated (55) 121 Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, seasonally inundated (55) 121 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 121 CHARACTERISTIC 122 DESCRIPTION 122 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 122 NAME 122
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved well-drained lowland forest (56) 122 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved well-drained lowland forest (56) 122 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 122 WATER REGIME 122 VEGETATION DATA 123 NC: lowland and submontane: Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Schyzolobium parahybum, Byrsonima crassifolia, Calycophyllum candidissimum, Cupania glabra, Hymenaea courbaril, Neea psicotrioides, Tabebuia spp., Attalea butyracea, Rollinia jimenezii, Lonchocarpus spp., Quercus oleoides, ground covered by Bromelia pinguin. 123 FAUNISTIC OBSERVATIONS 124 OTHER OBSERVATIONS 124 Literature 124 CHARACTERISTIC 125 DESCRIPTION 125 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 125 NAME 125 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest with palm, well-drained, Bay Islands variant (57) 125 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest with palm, well-drained, Bay Islands variant (57) 125 CHARACTERISTIC 126 DESCRIPTION 126 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 126 NAME 126 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved submontane forest (59) 126 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved submontane forest (59) 126 CHARACTERISTIC 128 DESCRIPTION 128 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 128 NAME 128 Tropical semi-deciduous mixed submontane forest (60) 128 Tropical semi-deciduous mixed submontane forest (60) 128 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 128 CHARACTERISTIC 129 DESCRIPTION 129 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 129 NAME 129
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lower montane forest (61) 129 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lower montane forest (61) 129 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 129 CHARACTERISTIC 130 DESCRIPTION 130 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 130 NAME 130 Tropical semi-deciduous mixed lower montane forest (62) 130 Tropical semi-deciduous mixed lower montane forest (62) 130 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 130 CHARACTERISTIC 131 DESCRIPTION 131 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 131 NAME 131
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (63) 131 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (63) 131 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 131 CHARACTERISTIC 134 DESCRIPTION 134 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 134 NAME 134 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (64) 134 Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (64) 134 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 134 CHARACTERISTIC 136 DESCRIPTION 136 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 136 NAME 136
Caribbean mangrove forest on clay (65) 136 Caribbean mangrove forest on clay (65) 136 Caribbean mangrove forest on coraline sand (66) 136 Caribbean mangrove forest on coraline sand (66) 136 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 136 CHARACTERISTIC 140 DESCRIPTION 140 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 140 NAME 140 Pacific mangrove forest on clay (67, 68) 140 Pacific mangrove forest on clay (67, 68) 140 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 140 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 140 CHARACTERISTIC 143 DESCRIPTION 143 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 143 NAME 143 Tropical deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (69) 143 Tropical deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (69) 143 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 143 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 143 Brosimun alicastrum, Simarouba glauca, Ficus ovata, F. glabrata, F. Obtusifolia, F.conitifolia, Cecropia peltata, Chlorophora tinctorea, Myrospermum frutescens, Bursera graveolens, Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, L. phaseolifolius, L. Phlebophyllus, Bombacopsis quinatum 144 Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia dentata, Plumeria rubra, Karwinskia calderonii, Cassia grandis, Gliricidia sepium, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Tecoma stan, Pithecellobium dulce, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Byrsonima crassifolia. 144 In guatemala: Ceiba pentandra, Sapranthus nicaraguensis, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Lysiloma spp., Thouinidium decandrum, Simarouba glauca, Acacia spp., Croton spp., Karwinskia calderon, Bursera bipinnata, Luhea spp., Euphorbia spp., Aristolochia spp. 144 CHARACTERISTIC 147 DESCRIPTION 147 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 147 NAME 147
Tropical deciduous microphyllous lowland forest, well-drained (70) 147 Tropical deciduous microphyllous lowland forest, well-drained (70) 147 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 147 CHARACTERISTIC 149 DESCRIPTION 149 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 149 NAME 149 Evergreen broad-leaved shrubland on steep karstic hills (71) 149 Evergreen broad-leaved shrubland on steep karstic hills (71) 149 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 149 CHARACTERISTIC 150 DESCRIPTION 150 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 150 NAME 150
Seasonal evergreen mixed lower montane shrubland (72) 150 Seasonal evergreen mixed lower montane shrubland (72) 150 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 150 CHARACTERISTIC 151 DESCRIPTION 151 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 151 NAME 151 Evergreen broad-leaved lowland shrubland (73) 151 Evergreen broad-leaved lowland shrubland (73) 151 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 151 CHARACTERISTIC 153 DESCRIPTION 153 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 153 NAME 153
Deciduous broad-leaved lowland shrubland, well-drained (75) 153 Deciduous broad-leaved lowland shrubland, well-drained (75) 153 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 153 CHARACTERISTIC 155 DESCRIPTION 155 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 155 NAME 155 Deciduous broad-leaved lowland riparian shrubland (76) 155 Deciduous broad-leaved lowland riparian shrubland (76) 155 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 155 CHARACTERISTIC 157 DESCRIPTION 157 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 157 NAME 157
Deciduous broad-leaved shrubland swamp with dispersed shrubs (79) 157 Deciduous broad-leaved shrubland swamp with dispersed shrubs (79) 157 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 157 CHARACTERISTIC 158 DESCRIPTION 158 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 158 NAME 158 Evergreen shrubland swamp dominated by bamboo shrubs (80) 158 Evergreen shrubland swamp dominated by bamboo shrubs (80) 158 CHARACTERISTIC 159 DESCRIPTION 159 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 159 NAME 159 Tall-grass savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees (81) 159 Tall-grass savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees (81) 159 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 159 CHARACTERISTIC 161 DESCRIPTION 161 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 161 NAME 161
Tall-grass waterlogged savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees and/or palms (82) 161 Tall-grass waterlogged savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees and/or palms (82) 161 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 161 CHARACTERISTIC 162 DESCRIPTION 162 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 162 NAME 162 Short-grass savanna with needle leaf trees (85) 162 Short-grass savanna with needle leaf trees (85) 162 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 162 CHARACTERISTIC 164 DESCRIPTION 164 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 164 NAME 164
Short-grass waterlogged savanna with needle-leaved trees (86) 164 Short-grass waterlogged savanna with needle-leaved trees (86) 164 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 164 CHARACTERISTIC 166 DESCRIPTION 166 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 166 NAME 166 Short-grass savanna with deciduous shrubs (87, 88, 89) 166 Short-grass savanna with deciduous shrubs (87, 88, 89) 166 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 166 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 166 CHARACTERISTIC 169 DESCRIPTION 169 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 169 NAME 169 Herbs and grass swamp with shrubs and/or palms (90) 169 Herbs and grass swamp with shrubs and/or palms (90) 169 CHARACTERISTIC 170 DESCRIPTION 170 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 170 NAME 170 Short-grass savanna submontane or montane without woody plants (91) 170 Short-grass savanna submontane or montane without woody plants (91) 170 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 170 CHARACTERISTIC 173 DESCRIPTION 173 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 173 NAME 173
Short-grass savanna without trees or shrubs, waterlogged (92) 173 Short-grass savanna without trees or shrubs, waterlogged (92) 173 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 173 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 173 CHARACTERISTIC 175 DESCRIPTION 175 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 175 NAME 175
Tropical altimontane meadow or paramo (93) 175 Tropical altimontane meadow or paramo (93) 175 Vegetación de páramo, altimontano (93) 175 Vegetación de páramo, altimontano (93) 175 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 175 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 175 CHARACTERISTIC 179 DESCRIPTION 179 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 179 NAME 179
Tall sedge swamp (94) 179 Tall sedge swamp (94) 179 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 179 CHARACTERISTIC 180 DESCRIPTION 180 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 180 NAME 180 Eleocharis marsh (95) 180 Eleocharis marsh (95) 180 CHARACTERISTIC 181 DESCRIPTION 181 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 181 NAME 181 Pantano marino con muchas suculentas (96) 181 Pantano marino con muchas suculentas (96) 181 CHARACTERISTIC 182 DESCRIPTION 182 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 182 NAME 182 Salt meadow poor in succulents (97) 182 Salt meadow poor in succulents (97) 182 CHARACTERISTIC 183 DESCRIPTION 183 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 183 NAME 183 Fire-induced fern lowland thicket(98) 183 Fire-induced fern lowland thicket(98) 183 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 183 CHARACTERISTIC 185 DESCRIPTION 185 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 185 NAME 185
Scarcely vegetated lava flow (100, 101) 185 Scarcely vegetated lava flow (100, 101) 185 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 185 CHARACTERISTIC 188 DESCRIPTION 188 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 188 NAME 188 Scarcely vegetated scree (103) 188 Scarcely vegetated scree (103) 188 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 188 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 188 CHARACTERISTIC 190 DESCRIPTION 190 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 190 NAME 190 Scarcely vegetated tropical dune and beaches(104) 190 Scarcely vegetated tropical dune and beaches(104) 190 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 190 CHARACTERISTIC 193 DESCRIPTION 193 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 193 NAME 193
Tropical coastal transition vegetation on very recent sediments, moderately drained (105) 193 Tropical coastal transition vegetation on very recent sediments, moderately drained (105) 193 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 193 CHARACTERISTIC 195 DESCRIPTION 195 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 195 NAME 195 Coastal vegetation on karstic hills (106) 195 Coastal vegetation on karstic hills (106) 195 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 195 CHARACTERISTIC 196 DESCRIPTION 196 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 196 NAME 196
Coastal transition swamp vegetation on very recent sediments (107) 196 Coastal transition swamp vegetation on very recent sediments (107) 196 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 196 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 196 CHARACTERISTIC 198 DESCRIPTION 198 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 198 NAME 198
Scarcely vegetated saline flat (109, 110) 198 Scarcely vegetated saline flat (109, 110) 198 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 198 CHARACTERISTIC 200 DESCRIPTION 200 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 200 NAME 200 Tropical freshwater reed-swamp formation (111) 200 Tropical freshwater reed-swamp formation (111) 200 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 200 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 200 CARACTERISTIC 202 DESCRIPTION 202 Name 202
Tall-herbs lowland swamp 112 202 Tall-herbs lowland swamp 112 202 Ecosystem dynamic 202 Geology 202 Climatic conditions 202 CARACTERISTICs soil 202 Water regime 202 Vegetation data 202 Other observations 202 Niacargua: originally classified as herb marsh with organic deposits. 202 CHARACTERISTIC 203 DESCRIPTION 203 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 203 NAME 203
Rooted underwater communities of tropical salt waters (Seagrass beds) 203 Rooted underwater communities of tropical salt waters (Seagrass beds) 203 Ecosystem dynamics 203 Literature 204 CHARACTERISTIC 205 DESCRIPTION 205 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 205 NAME 205
Mid stream river of the Caribbean (119) 205 Mid stream river of the Caribbean (119) 205 cARACTERISTIC 207 DESCRIPTION 207 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 207 NAME 207
River course of the Pacific littoral (120) 207 River course of the Pacific littoral (120) 207 CARACTERISTIC 208 DESCRIPTIÓN 208 Classification-code and map-code 208 Name 208
Tectonic lakes (124, 125, 128) 208 Tectonic lakes (124, 125, 128) 208 Physical condition 208 Ecosystem dinamics 208 Special conditions 208 water regime 208 Vegetation data 208 Faunistic observations 210 Other observations 211 Literature 211 Tectonic lakes of El Salvador 211 DESCRIPTION 219 Classification-code and map-code 219 Name 219
Predominantly brackish lake or canal of the Caribbean littoral plain (129) 219 Predominantly brackish lake or canal of the Caribbean littoral plain (129) 219 Physical conditions 219 Ecosystem dynamics 219 Geology 219 Water regime 219 Vegetation data 219 Aquatic (semi) sessile life forms 220 FAUNISTIC OBSERVATION 220 Other observations 220 DESCRIPTION 222 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 222 NAME 222 Open estuary of the Pacific (130) 222 Open estuary of the Pacific (130) 222 Semi-closed estuary of the Pacific (132) 222 Semi-closed estuary of the Pacific (132) 222 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 222 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 223 Faunistic observations 223 Other observtions 223 Characteristic 225 DESCRIPTION 225 CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 225 NAME 225 Open estuary of the Caribbean (131) 225 Open estuary of the Caribbean (131) 225 Semi-closed estuary of the Caribean (133) 225 Semi-closed estuary of the Caribean (133) 225 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 225 Water regime 226 Faunistic observations 226 Other oservations 227 DESCRIPTION 228 Classification-code and map-code 228 Name 228
Coral reef of the Caribbean (134) 228 Coral reef of the Caribbean (134) 228 Ecosystem dinamycs 228 Special conditions 228 Water regime 228 Faunistic Observations 228 Other observations 229
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