v. 2
Douglas J. Graham
2002
Financed under the Partnership Agreement between The World Bank and the Government of the Netherlands
Collaborating institutions: National environmental institutions, ngo’s and biological departments of universities of all CCAD member countries; The World Bank; The Netherlands Ministry of Development Cooperation; UNDP regional office; CCAD/NASA project; USAID/PROARCA/CAPAS, CCAD/NASA
SCIENTIFIC TEAM
CCAD 1
DGIS 1
The World Bank 1
CIENTIFICOS INTERNACIONALES PRINCIPALES 2
Table of contents 4
1. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD 21
2. DESCRIPTIONS 22
DESCRIPtION 22
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE and map code 22
NAME 22
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (1) 22
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (1) 22
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 22
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 22
CHARACTERISTICS 27
DESCRIPTION 27
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 27
NAME 27
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained on karstic hills (2) 27
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained on karstic hills (2) 27
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 27
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 27
CHARACTERISTIC 29
DESCRIPTION 29
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 29
NAME 29
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (3) 29
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (3) 29
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 29
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 29
CHARACTERISTIC 32
DESCRIPTION 32
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 32
NAME 32
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on calcareous soils (4) 32
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on calcareous soils (4) 32
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 32
CHARACTERISTIC 33
DESCRIPTION 33
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 33
NAME 33
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on poor or sandy soils (5) 33
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained on poor or sandy soils (5) 33
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 33
CHARACTERISTIC 35
DESCRIPTIon 35
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 35
NAME 35
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest (6) 35
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest (6) 35
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 35
CHARACTERISTICS 38
DESCRIPTION 38
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 38
NAME 38
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (7) 38
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (7) 38
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 38
CHARACTERISTICS 40
DESCRIPTION 40
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 40
NAME 40
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane palm forest (8) 40
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved submontane palm forest (8) 40
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 40
CHARACTERISTICS 41
DESCRIPTION 41
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 41
NAME 41
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest (9) 41
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest (9) 41
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 41
CHARACTERISTICS 46
DESCRIPTION 46
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 46
NAME 46
Tropical evergreen mixed lower-montane forest (10) 46
Tropical evergreen mixed lower-montane forest (10) 46
CHARACTERISTICS 48
DESCRIPTION 48
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 48
NAME 48
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest with palms (11) 48
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lower-montane forest with palms (11) 48
CHARACTERISTICS 49
DESCRIPTION 49
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 49
NAME 49
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved upper-montane forest (12) 49
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved upper-montane forest (12) 49
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 49
CHARACTERISTICS 52
DESCRIPTION 52
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 52
NAME 52
Tropical evergreen mixed upper-montane forest (14) 52
Tropical evergreen mixed upper-montane forest (14) 52
CHARACTERISTICS 54
DESCRIPTION 54
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 54
NAME 54
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved altimontane forest (15) 54
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved altimontane forest (15) 54
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 54
CHARACTERISTICS# 56
DESCRIPTION 56
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 56
NAME 56
Tropical evergreen mixed altimontane forest (16) 56
Tropical evergreen mixed altimontane forest (16) 56
CHARACTERISTIC 57
DESCRIPTION 57
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 57
NAME 57
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally flooded (17) 57
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally flooded (17) 57
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 57
CHARACTERISTIC 60
DESCRIPTION 60
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 60
NAME 60
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved permanently inundated lowland swamp forest (20) 60
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved permanently inundated lowland swamp forest (20) 60
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 60
CHARACTERISTICS 62
DESCRIPTION 62
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 62
NAME 62
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, permanently inundated, Campnosperma panamensis variant (20-C) 62
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, permanently inundated, Campnosperma panamensis variant (20-C) 62
CHARACTERISTICS 63
DESCRIPTION 63
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 63
NAME 63
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved
lowland swamp forest with palm, permanently inundated (21) 63
Tropical evergreen broad-leaved lowland swamp forest with palm, permanently inundated (21) 63
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 63
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 63
CHARACTERISTIC 65
DESCRIPTION 65
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 65
NAME 65
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (22) 65
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (22) 65
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 65
CHARACTERISTIC 69
DESCRIPTION 69
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 69
NAME 69
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (23) 69
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (23) 69
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 69
CHARACTERISTIC 71
DESCRIPTION 71
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 71
NAME 71
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, well-drained (24) 71
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, well-drained (24) 71
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 71
CHARACTERISTIC 72
DESCRIPTION 72
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 72
NAME 72
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed, well-drained forest, on calcareous soils (25) 72
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed, well-drained forest, on calcareous soils (25) 72
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 72
CHARACTERISTIC 73
DESCRIPTION 73
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 73
NAME 73
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (26) 73
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (26) 73
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 73
CHARACTERISTIC 75
DESCRIPTION 75
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 75
NAME 75
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on calcareous soils (28) 75
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest on calcareous soils (28) 75
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 75
CHARACTERISTIC 79
DESCRIPTION 79
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 79
NAME 79
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest dominated with bamboo on calcareous soils (29) 79
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland forest dominated with bamboo on calcareous soils (29) 79
WATER REGIME 79
VEGETATION DATA 79
CHARACTERISTIC 80
DESCRIPTION 80
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 80
NAME 80
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, moderately drained (30) 80
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed lowland forest, moderately drained (30) 80
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 80
CHARACTERISTIC 82
DESCRIPTION 82
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 82
NAME 82
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (31) 82
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest, moderately drained (31) 82
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 82
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 82
CHARACTERISTIC 84
DESCRIPTION 84
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 84
NAME 84
Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional latifoliado de tierras bajas, en suelos infértiles o arenosos (27) 84
Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional latifoliado de tierras bajas, en suelos infértiles o arenosos (27) 84
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 84
CHARACTERISTIC 85
DESCRIPTION 85
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 85
NAME 85
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest (32) 85
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved lowland forest (32) 85
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 85
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 85
CHARACTERISTIC 87
DESCRIPTION 87
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 87
NAME 87
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (33) 87
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved forest, well-drained, on steep karstic hills (33) 87
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 87
CHARACTERISTIC 88
DESCRIPTION 88
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 88
NAME 88
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest (34) 88
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest (34) 88
ST = variant simarouba-terminalia extends across large areas of the Maya mountains. 88
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 88
CHARACTERISTIC 91
DESCRIPTION 91
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 91
NAME 91
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (35) 91
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved submontane forest on karstic hills (35) 91
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 91
CHARACTERISTIC 92
DESCRIPTION 92
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 92
NAME 92
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved submontane forest (37) 92
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved submontane forest (37) 92
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 92
CHARACTERISTIC 95
DESCRIPTION 95
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 95
NAME 95
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved montane forest (38) 95
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved montane forest (38) 95
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 95
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 95
CHARACTERISTIC 98
DESCRIPTION 98
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 98
NAME 98
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed montane forest (39) 98
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed montane forest (39) 98
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 98
CHARACTERISTIC 99
DESCRIPTION 99
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 99
NAME 99
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved montane forest (40) 99
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved montane forest (40) 99
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 99
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 99
CHARACTERISTIC 100
DESCRIPTION 100
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 100
NAME 100
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved upper-montane forest (41) 100
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved upper-montane forest (41) 100
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 100
CHARACTERISTIC 101
DESCRIPTION 101
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 101
NAME 101
Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional mixto montano superior (42) 101
Bosque tropical siempreverde estacional mixto montano superior (42) 101
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 101
CHARACTERISTIC 102
DESCRIPTION 102
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 102
NAME 102
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved upper-montane forest (43) 102
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved upper-montane forest (43) 102
CHARACTERISTIC 103
DESCRIPTION 103
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 103
NAME 103
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved altimontane forest (44) 103
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved altimontane forest (44) 103
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 103
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 103
CHARACTERISTIC 104
DESCRIPTION 104
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 104
NAME 104
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed altimontane forest (45) 104
Tropical evergreen seasonal mixed altimontane forest (45) 104
Ecosystem dynamics 104
Climatic conditions 104
Fire exposure 104
Special conditions 104
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 104
WATER REGIME 104
VEGETATION DATA 104
OTHER OBSERVATIONS 105
Literature 105
CHARACTERISTIC 106
DESCRIPCION 106
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 106
NAME 106
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved altimontane forest (46) 106
Tropical evergreen seasonal needle-leaved altimontane forest (46) 106
Ecosystem dynamics 106
Geology 106
Climatic conditions 106
Special conditions 106
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 106
WATER REGIME 106
VEGETATION DATA 106
CHARACTERISTIC 107
DESCRIPTION 107
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 107
NAME 107
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally inundated (47) 107
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, occasionally inundated (47) 107
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 107
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 107
CHARACTERISTIC 110
DESCRIPTION 110
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 110
NAME 110
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, seasonally inundated (48) 110
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial forest, seasonally inundated (48) 110
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 110
CHARACTERISTIC 112
DESCRIPTION 112
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 112
NAME 112
Tropical evergreen seasonal alluvial forest dominated by bamboo, seasonally inundated (49) 112
Tropical evergreen seasonal alluvial forest dominated by bamboo, seasonally inundated (49) 112
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 112
CHARACTERISTIC 114
DESCRIPTION 114
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 114
NAME 114
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (50) 114
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (50) 114
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 114
CHARACTERISTIC 117
DESCRIPTION 117
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 117
NAME 117
Tropical evergreen seasonal lowland broad-leaved palm swamp forest (51, 53) 117
Tropical evergreen seasonal lowland broad-leaved palm swamp forest (51, 53) 117
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 117
CHARACTERISTIC 119
DESCRIPTION 119
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 119
NAME 119
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (52, 54) 119
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (52, 54) 119
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 119
CHARACTERISTIC 121
DESCRIPTION 121
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 121
NAME 121
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, seasonally inundated (55) 121
Tropical evergreen seasonal broad-leaved lowland swamp forest, seasonally inundated (55) 121
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 121
CHARACTERISTIC 122
DESCRIPTION 122
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 122
NAME 122
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved well-drained lowland forest (56) 122
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved well-drained lowland forest (56) 122
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 122
WATER REGIME 122
VEGETATION DATA 123
NC: lowland and submontane: Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Schyzolobium parahybum, Byrsonima crassifolia, Calycophyllum candidissimum, Cupania glabra, Hymenaea courbaril, Neea psicotrioides, Tabebuia spp., Attalea butyracea, Rollinia jimenezii, Lonchocarpus spp., Quercus oleoides, ground covered by Bromelia pinguin. 123
FAUNISTIC OBSERVATIONS 124
OTHER OBSERVATIONS 124
Literature 124
CHARACTERISTIC 125
DESCRIPTION 125
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 125
NAME 125
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest with palm, well-drained, Bay Islands variant (57) 125
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest with palm, well-drained, Bay Islands variant (57) 125
CHARACTERISTIC 126
DESCRIPTION 126
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 126
NAME 126
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved submontane forest (59) 126
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved submontane forest (59) 126
CHARACTERISTIC 128
DESCRIPTION 128
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 128
NAME 128
Tropical semi-deciduous mixed submontane forest (60) 128
Tropical semi-deciduous mixed submontane forest (60) 128
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 128
CHARACTERISTIC 129
DESCRIPTION 129
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 129
NAME 129
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lower montane forest (61) 129
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lower montane forest (61) 129
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 129
CHARACTERISTIC 130
DESCRIPTION 130
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 130
NAME 130
Tropical semi-deciduous mixed lower montane forest (62) 130
Tropical semi-deciduous mixed lower montane forest (62) 130
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 130
CHARACTERISTIC 131
DESCRIPTION 131
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 131
NAME 131
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (63) 131
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved alluvial gallery forest (63) 131
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 131
CHARACTERISTIC 134
DESCRIPTION 134
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 134
NAME 134
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (64) 134
Tropical semi-deciduous broad-leaved lowland swamp forest (64) 134
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 134
CHARACTERISTIC 136
DESCRIPTION 136
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 136
NAME 136
Caribbean mangrove forest on clay (65) 136
Caribbean mangrove forest on clay (65) 136
Caribbean mangrove forest on coraline sand (66) 136
Caribbean mangrove forest on coraline sand (66) 136
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 136
CHARACTERISTIC 140
DESCRIPTION 140
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 140
NAME 140
Pacific mangrove forest on clay (67, 68) 140
Pacific mangrove forest on clay (67, 68) 140
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 140
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 140
CHARACTERISTIC 143
DESCRIPTION 143
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 143
NAME 143
Tropical deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (69) 143
Tropical deciduous broad-leaved lowland forest, well-drained (69) 143
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 143
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 143
Brosimun alicastrum, Simarouba glauca, Ficus ovata, F. glabrata, F. Obtusifolia, F.conitifolia, Cecropia peltata, Chlorophora tinctorea, Myrospermum frutescens, Bursera graveolens, Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, L. phaseolifolius, L. Phlebophyllus, Bombacopsis quinatum 144
Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia dentata, Plumeria rubra, Karwinskia calderonii, Cassia grandis, Gliricidia sepium, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Tecoma stan, Pithecellobium dulce, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Byrsonima crassifolia. 144
In guatemala: Ceiba pentandra, Sapranthus nicaraguensis, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Lysiloma spp., Thouinidium decandrum, Simarouba glauca, Acacia spp., Croton spp., Karwinskia calderon, Bursera bipinnata, Luhea spp., Euphorbia spp., Aristolochia spp. 144
CHARACTERISTIC 147
DESCRIPTION 147
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 147
NAME 147
Tropical deciduous microphyllous lowland forest, well-drained (70) 147
Tropical deciduous microphyllous lowland forest, well-drained (70) 147
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 147
CHARACTERISTIC 149
DESCRIPTION 149
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 149
NAME 149
Evergreen broad-leaved shrubland on steep karstic hills (71) 149
Evergreen broad-leaved shrubland on steep karstic hills (71) 149
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 149
CHARACTERISTIC 150
DESCRIPTION 150
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 150
NAME 150
Seasonal evergreen mixed lower montane shrubland (72) 150
Seasonal evergreen mixed lower montane shrubland (72) 150
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 150
CHARACTERISTIC 151
DESCRIPTION 151
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 151
NAME 151
Evergreen broad-leaved lowland shrubland (73) 151
Evergreen broad-leaved lowland shrubland (73) 151
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 151
CHARACTERISTIC 153
DESCRIPTION 153
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 153
NAME 153
Deciduous broad-leaved lowland shrubland, well-drained (75) 153
Deciduous broad-leaved lowland shrubland, well-drained (75) 153
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 153
CHARACTERISTIC 155
DESCRIPTION 155
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 155
NAME 155
Deciduous broad-leaved lowland riparian shrubland (76) 155
Deciduous broad-leaved lowland riparian shrubland (76) 155
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 155
CHARACTERISTIC 157
DESCRIPTION 157
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 157
NAME 157
Deciduous broad-leaved shrubland swamp with dispersed shrubs (79) 157
Deciduous broad-leaved shrubland swamp with dispersed shrubs (79) 157
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 157
CHARACTERISTIC 158
DESCRIPTION 158
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 158
NAME 158
Evergreen shrubland swamp dominated by bamboo shrubs (80) 158
Evergreen shrubland swamp dominated by bamboo shrubs (80) 158
CHARACTERISTIC 159
DESCRIPTION 159
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 159
NAME 159
Tall-grass savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees (81) 159
Tall-grass savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees (81) 159
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 159
CHARACTERISTIC 161
DESCRIPTION 161
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 161
NAME 161
Tall-grass waterlogged savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees and/or palms (82) 161
Tall-grass waterlogged savanna with evergreen broad-leaved trees and/or palms (82) 161
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 161
CHARACTERISTIC 162
DESCRIPTION 162
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 162
NAME 162
Short-grass savanna with needle leaf trees (85) 162
Short-grass savanna with needle leaf trees (85) 162
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 162
CHARACTERISTIC 164
DESCRIPTION 164
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 164
NAME 164
Short-grass waterlogged savanna with needle-leaved trees (86) 164
Short-grass waterlogged savanna with needle-leaved trees (86) 164
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 164
CHARACTERISTIC 166
DESCRIPTION 166
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 166
NAME 166
Short-grass savanna with deciduous shrubs (87, 88, 89) 166
Short-grass savanna with deciduous shrubs (87, 88, 89) 166
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 166
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 166
CHARACTERISTIC 169
DESCRIPTION 169
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 169
NAME 169
Herbs and grass swamp with shrubs and/or palms (90) 169
Herbs and grass swamp with shrubs and/or palms (90) 169
CHARACTERISTIC 170
DESCRIPTION 170
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 170
NAME 170
Short-grass savanna submontane or montane without woody plants (91) 170
Short-grass savanna submontane or montane without woody plants (91) 170
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 170
CHARACTERISTIC 173
DESCRIPTION 173
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 173
NAME 173
Short-grass savanna without trees or shrubs, waterlogged (92) 173
Short-grass savanna without trees or shrubs, waterlogged (92) 173
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 173
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 173
CHARACTERISTIC 175
DESCRIPTION 175
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 175
NAME 175
Tropical altimontane meadow or paramo (93) 175
Tropical altimontane meadow or paramo (93) 175
Vegetación de páramo, altimontano (93) 175
Vegetación de páramo, altimontano (93) 175
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 175
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 175
CHARACTERISTIC 179
DESCRIPTION 179
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 179
NAME 179
Tall sedge swamp (94) 179
Tall sedge swamp (94) 179
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 179
CHARACTERISTIC 180
DESCRIPTION 180
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 180
NAME 180
Eleocharis marsh (95) 180
Eleocharis marsh (95) 180
CHARACTERISTIC 181
DESCRIPTION 181
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 181
NAME 181
Pantano marino con muchas suculentas (96) 181
Pantano marino con muchas suculentas (96) 181
CHARACTERISTIC 182
DESCRIPTION 182
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 182
NAME 182
Salt meadow poor in succulents (97) 182
Salt meadow poor in succulents (97) 182
CHARACTERISTIC 183
DESCRIPTION 183
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 183
NAME 183
Fire-induced fern lowland thicket(98) 183
Fire-induced fern lowland thicket(98) 183
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 183
CHARACTERISTIC 185
DESCRIPTION 185
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 185
NAME 185
Scarcely vegetated lava flow (100, 101) 185
Scarcely vegetated lava flow (100, 101) 185
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 185
CHARACTERISTIC 188
DESCRIPTION 188
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 188
NAME 188
Scarcely vegetated scree (103) 188
Scarcely vegetated scree (103) 188
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 188
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 188
CHARACTERISTIC 190
DESCRIPTION 190
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 190
NAME 190
Scarcely vegetated tropical dune and beaches(104) 190
Scarcely vegetated tropical dune and beaches(104) 190
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 190
CHARACTERISTIC 193
DESCRIPTION 193
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 193
NAME 193
Tropical coastal transition vegetation on very recent sediments, moderately drained (105) 193
Tropical coastal transition vegetation on very recent sediments, moderately drained (105) 193
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 193
CHARACTERISTIC 195
DESCRIPTION 195
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 195
NAME 195
Coastal vegetation on karstic hills (106) 195
Coastal vegetation on karstic hills (106) 195
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 195
CHARACTERISTIC 196
DESCRIPTION 196
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 196
NAME 196
Coastal transition swamp vegetation on very recent sediments (107) 196
Coastal transition swamp vegetation on very recent sediments (107) 196
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 196
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 196
CHARACTERISTIC 198
DESCRIPTION 198
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 198
NAME 198
Scarcely vegetated saline flat (109, 110) 198
Scarcely vegetated saline flat (109, 110) 198
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 198
CHARACTERISTIC 200
DESCRIPTION 200
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 200
NAME 200
Tropical freshwater reed-swamp formation (111) 200
Tropical freshwater reed-swamp formation (111) 200
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 200
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 200
CARACTERISTIC 202
DESCRIPTION 202
Name 202
Tall-herbs lowland swamp 112 202
Tall-herbs lowland swamp 112 202
Ecosystem dynamic 202
Geology 202
Climatic conditions 202
CARACTERISTICs soil 202
Water regime 202
Vegetation data 202
Other observations 202
Niacargua: originally classified as herb marsh with organic deposits. 202
CHARACTERISTIC 203
DESCRIPTION 203
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 203
NAME 203
Rooted underwater communities of tropical salt waters (Seagrass beds) 203
Rooted underwater communities of tropical salt waters (Seagrass beds) 203
Ecosystem dynamics 203
Literature 204
CHARACTERISTIC 205
DESCRIPTION 205
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 205
NAME 205
Mid stream river of the Caribbean (119) 205
Mid stream river of the Caribbean (119) 205
cARACTERISTIC 207
DESCRIPTION 207
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 207
NAME 207
River course of the Pacific littoral (120) 207
River course of the Pacific littoral (120) 207
CARACTERISTIC 208
DESCRIPTIÓN 208
Classification-code and map-code 208
Name 208
Tectonic lakes (124, 125, 128) 208
Tectonic lakes (124, 125, 128) 208
Physical condition 208
Ecosystem dinamics 208
Special conditions 208
water regime 208
Vegetation data 208
Faunistic observations 210
Other observations 211
Literature 211
Tectonic lakes of El Salvador 211
DESCRIPTION 219
Classification-code and map-code 219
Name 219
Predominantly brackish lake or canal of the Caribbean littoral plain (129) 219
Predominantly brackish lake or canal of the Caribbean littoral plain (129) 219
Physical conditions 219
Ecosystem dynamics 219
Geology 219
Water regime 219
Vegetation data 219
Aquatic (semi) sessile life forms 220
FAUNISTIC OBSERVATION 220
Other observations 220
DESCRIPTION 222
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 222
NAME 222
Open estuary of the Pacific (130) 222
Open estuary of the Pacific (130) 222
Semi-closed estuary of the Pacific (132) 222
Semi-closed estuary of the Pacific (132) 222
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 222
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 223
Faunistic observations 223
Other observtions 223
Characteristic 225
DESCRIPTION 225
CLASSIFICATION-CODE AND MAP-CODE 225
NAME 225
Open estuary of the Caribbean (131) 225
Open estuary of the Caribbean (131) 225
Semi-closed estuary of the Caribean (133) 225
Semi-closed estuary of the Caribean (133) 225
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 225
Water regime 226
Faunistic observations 226
Other oservations 227
DESCRIPTION 228
Classification-code and map-code 228
Name 228
Coral reef of the Caribbean (134) 228
Coral reef of the Caribbean (134) 228
Ecosystem dinamycs 228
Special conditions 228
Water regime 228
Faunistic Observations 228
Other observations 229