Wikibooks
Descriptive
Geometry/Central
Projections
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Descriptive Geometry
Central projections are projections from one plane to another where the first plane’s point and
the image on the second plane lie on a straight line from a fixed point not on either plane.
1
The projecting rays pass through one point called the center of projection, also known as the
station point (or vantage point). This is essentially the reference point from which all the lines
and projections in the problem are related to. The station point can be high (bird’s eye view) or
low (worm’s eye view). It is the base point (the most important point) to understand and
generate the composition of the subject.
2
References: 1.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/central+projection
2.
http://www.creativeglossary.com/art-perspective/station-point.html
Central projection is the projection of a plane onto another plane from a certain point not on
either of those planes. The line of view extends from the center of projection to the first
plane, then to the second plane in a direct straight line. Depending on the relationship of the
Station Points
Line of View
two planes, the projected image will appear differently. If the planes are parallel, the
projection will retain the same shape at a different scale, as the ratio between points will
remain constant. When the planes are non-parallel, the between-ness is no longer kept and
vanishing lines are constructed. Lines that are not parallel to the vanishing line will have a
vanishing point on both planes. Any lines on the first plane that intersect at a point on the
vanishing line will be projected as parallel lines onto the second plane. An example of a central
projection problem can be seen below, where the shadow of a hexahedron is projected onto a
plane, as seen in the top and front view.
Solution (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GeoProb2.jpg)
Central projection between parallel planes.
Central projection between non- parallel planes. Lines that intersect on the vanishing line are
projected as parallel lines.
The vanishing point is a point on the horizon line where parallel lines of a certain object move
away towards from the observer and appear to join. An object constructed on these lines
becomes smaller and smaller until it converges into one point, so it appears to have ‘vanished.’
To find the vanishing point of an object, simply extend parallel lines of the object until all lines
meet at one point. In perspective drawings using the vanishing point, an object can have
numerous vanishing points, although traditionally most have up to three. In one point
perspective, all lines parallel to the picture plane are drawn as parallel horizontal or vertical
lines while lines perpendicular to the picture plane converge into the vanishing point on the
horizon line. In two point perspective, two vanishing points will appear to the left and right of
Vanishing points
the object where two individual sets of lines will converge towards, and one set of lines
parallel to the picture plane. An example of such construction can be observed to the right.
Finally in three point perspective, none of the three axes will be parallel to the picture plane,
allowing for a third vanishing point to appear below or above the object.