Collaboration Analysis of research performance through a gender lens
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Mobility Gender
Research Researchers Impact Collaboration Analysis of research performance through a gender lens across 20 years, 12 geographies, and 27 subject areas gender in the glob al resea rch landsca pe Gender in the Global Research Landscape More than a quarter of inventors are women in Portugal Similar proportion of men and women among publishing researchers in Brazil The US and EU each publish more than a third of the global gender research output Women tend to author more scholarly papers on average than men in Japan Innovation Output
Mobility Gender
Research Researchers Impact Collaboration Analysis of research performance through a gender lens across 20 years, 12 geographies, and 27 subject areas Gender in the Global Research Landscape 2 This report was prepared by Elsevier. Elsevier’s Research Intelligence portfolio of products and services serves research institutions, government agencies, funders, and companies. For more information, visit elsevier.com/research-intelligence
3 Through its New Scholars program, the Elsevier Foundation has contributed to the advancement of early- to mid-career women scholars for more than a decade via grants and other partner investments. These efforts laid a foundation of success upon which Elsevier has built broader corporate level gender initiatives. Last year, Elsevier placed a priority on fostering a gender-balanced workplace by implementing the EDGE (Eco- nomic Dividends for Gender Equality) program across our eight core business centers in numerous locations worldwide, thereby being among the first information service and technology companies in the world to be certified globally. Concomitantly, we formed a trans-business Gender Working Group to address external-facing issues such as enhancing sex and gender reporting in research and achieving gender balance for journal editorial boards and conferences. Further, Elsevier is committed to establishing a research framework for addressing gender issues to help advance policy. An important aspect of our commitment is this comprehensive report, Gender in the Global Research Landscape, a follow-on to Elsevier’s groundbreaking 2015 report, Mapping Gender in the German Research Arena . Critical issues related to gender disparity and bias must be examined by sound studies. Drawing upon a collection of high-quality global data sources and analytical expertise, Elsevier has produced this report as an evidence-based examination of the outputs, quality, and impact of research worldwide through a gender lens and as a vehicle for understanding the role of gender within the structure of the global research enterprise. Gender in the Global Research Landscape employs bibliometric analyses and methodologies that enable gender disambiguation of authors within the Scopus® abstract and citation database and includes comparisons between twenty-seven subject areas, across twelve comparator countries and regions, over two decades. Elsevier partnered with expert stakeholder organizations and individuals around the world who provided advice on the report’s development, including the research questions, methodologies, and ana- lytics, and a policy context for the report findings. Our intention is to share powerful insights and guidance on gender research and gender equality policy with governments, funders, and institutions worldwide and to inspire further evidence-based studies. Preface
Ron Mobed Chief Executive Officer, Elsevier As a steward of world research, Elsevier has a responsibility to promote gender equality in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and advance understanding of the impact of gender, sex, and diversity in research. In this regard, Elsevier fully supports the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 5, “to achieve gender equality and empower all
of Principles and Actions Promoting the Equality and Status of Women in Research. preface
4 gender in the global research landscape 5 key findings Key Findings The proportion of women among researchers and inventors is increasing in all twelve comparator countries and regions over time. chapter 1
Women publish fewer research papers on average than men, but there is no evidence that this affects how their papers are cited or downloaded. chapter 1 Women are less likely than men to collaborate internationally on research papers. chapter 2 Women are slightly less likely than men to collaborate across the academic and corporate sectors on research papers. chapter 2 In general, women’s scholarly output includes a slightly larger proportion of highly interdisciplinary research than men’s. chapter 2 Among researchers, women are generally less internationally mobile than men. chapter 2 Gender research is growing in terms of size and complexity, with new topics emerging over time. chapter 3 The former dominance of the United States in gender research has declined as research activity in the European Union has risen. chapter 3 6 gender in the global research landscape Innovation Output
Mobility Gender
Research Researchers Impact Collaboration Gender in the Global Research Landscape Executive Summary Gender affects all facets of life and the world of research presents no exception. In this report, Elsevier and experts from around the world examined this issue using large-scale datasets to track various aspects of the global research enterprise over 20 years, 12 comparator countries and regions, and 27 subject areas. The proportion of women among researchers and inventors is increasing in all twelve comparator countries and regions over time. In nine of the twelve comparator countries and regions analyzed, women comprise more than 40% of researchers (2011 – 2015): the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, Brazil, Denmark, and Portugal. This is an improvement from 1996 – 2000, at which time only Portugal has more than 40% of women among researchers. The results vary substantially by field of research, with women better represented in the Life and Health Sciences. In the Physical Sciences, women are still generally and markedly underrepresented, with women comprising less than 25% of researchers in these fields in the majority of comparators. The global share of women among inventors listed in patent applications increases between 1996 – 2000 (10%) and 2011 – 2015 (14%), yet women remain strongly underrepresented across all comparators. Women publish fewer research papers on average than men, but there is no evidence that this affects how their papers are cited or downloaded. In all comparator countries and regions with the excep- tion of Japan, men publish more papers on average over a five-year period than women. This imbalance in scholarly output is not mirrored in the downloads or citations that those papers receive. While differences in field-weighted 7 The full report is available at elsevier.com/research-intelligence/resource-library/gender-report This report was prepared by Elsevier. Elsevier’s Research Intelligence portfolio of products and services serves research institutions, government agencies, funders, and companies. For more information, visit elsevier.com/research-intelligence executive summary download impact and field-weighted citation impact between women and men are small, the former indicator slightly favors women while the latter slightly favors men. In Engineering and Nursing, there is evidence to suggest that underrepresentation of one gender tends to correlate with underrepresentation of that gender in lead authorship positions on published papers. Women are less likely than men to collaborate internationally on research papers. In all twelve comparator countries and regions, women are less likely than men to collaborate at an international level on research papers. However, despite an increase in research collaboration over time among both women and men, there has been no notable change in the difference between men and women’s likelihood to collaborate inter- nationally. Women are slightly less likely than men to collaborate across the academic and corporate sectors on research papers. Our analysis shows that there is relatively little variation between comparator countries and regions in the percent- age of cross-sector collaboration between academia and industry. For all comparators in both periods, the propor- tion of scholarly output resulting from academic-corporate collaboration is slightly lower for women than for men among researchers. In general, women’s scholarly output includes a slightly larger proportion of highly interdisciplinary research than men’s. The differences across genders are fairly limited; however, for most comparator countries and regions, women tend to have a slightly higher share of the top 10% of interdiscipli- nary scholarly output relative to their total scholarly output than men. There is little variation in this indicator across comparators. Among researchers, women are generally less internationally mobile than men. In selected analyses of researcher mobility for the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and Japan, we observe varying de- grees of overrepresentation of women researchers classed as non-migratory (those researchers who do not exhibit international mobility in the period 1996 – 2015). However, the highest citation impact is associated with transitory researchers (those who move internationally for periods of less than two years). Gender research is growing in terms of size and complexity, with new topics emerging over time. The former dominance of the United States in gender research has declined as research activity in the European Union has risen. Published papers using the term “gender” in the title are split between biomedical and social science research topics. Over time, new themes have developed, with more papers published on topics such as feminism, gender stereotyp- ing, and gender classification and identification. Gender research is growing at a relatively fast pace: faster than the rate of growth of scholarly literature as a whole over the same period. The rate of growth varies by comparator coun- try and region, with gender research becoming less concen- trated in the United States (50% of papers in 1996 – 2000) and more equitably split between the United States and the European Union in 2011 – 2015 (34% from the former, 35% from the latter). The highest impact papers come from the countries and regions that are represented most frequently in the research, including, in particular, the United States and several countries in the European Union.
8 gender in the global research landscape 9 Contents
Preface Key Findings Executive Summary Contents
Introduction chapter 1
Key Findings 1.1 Proportion of women and men among researchers 1.2 Scholarly output, impact, and usage patterns of women and men researchers 1.3 Proportion of women and men among inventors and their patents interview Miyoko O. Watanabe, Deputy Executive Director, Office for Diversity
and Inclusion, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan interview James Stirling, Provost, Imperial College, United Kingdom chapter 2
Key Findings 2.1 First and corresponding authorship 2.2 International collaboration 2.3 Academic-corporate collaboration 2.4 Interdisciplinary research 2.5 International mobility interview Vladimir Šucha, Director-General, Joint Research Centre,
chapter 3
Key Findings 3.1 Identifying and mapping gender research 3.2 Gender research scholarly output and impact interview Londa Schiebinger, The John L. Hinds Professor of History of Science and
Director, Gendered Innovation in Science, Health & Medicine, Engineering,
and Environment, Stanford University, United States Conclusion
Appendices A Project team, Subject experts, and Acknowledgements B Methodology and data sources C Glossary of terms D Subject classification Gender and research leadership, collaboration, interdisciplinarity, and mobility The gender research landscape The global research landscape through a gender lens contents
3 5 6 9 10 15 16 17 28 34 38 42 45 46 47 51 54 56 58 62 65 66 67 71 74 77 79 80 84 88 90 10 gender in the global research landscape Gender and innovation Diversity is integral to innovation. 1 In both academic and private-sector research, the diversity of research teams ensures that new perspectives and ideas are brought to the table. Diversity adds to the collective intelligence of a research group, 2 and not only enhances creativity, but also provides new contexts for understanding the societal rele- vance of the research itself. One of the key aspects of diver- sity is gender. The unique perspectives and contributions of women to scientific research teams have been recognized globally. 3 Increasing the participation of women in the STEM fields to drive innovation and achieve excellence in research is a stated goal of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 4 and the Global Research Council (GRC). 5 The GRC has called for specific policy changes to promote gender equality in the scientific workforce, including training to correct uncon- scious gender biases and exploring new career pathways by which women are able to succeed in research and rise to leadership positions. These efforts echo calls by the United Nations (UN) Development Programme to achieve gender equality and empower women and girls worldwide. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 seeks development and implementation of policies and legislation that will ensure that women are able to achieve full and effective partici- pation in the workforce and have equal opportunities for leadership. 6
research workforce A large and growing body of evidence has revealed persis- tent gender-based differences in demographics, produc- tivity, and advancement within the scientific workforce. 7
around the globe are women. 4 Though nearly equal num- bers of men and women pursue bachelor’s and master’s degrees in the STEM fields, the loss of women from the research career path begins at the PhD stage and continues through the highest organizational levels—a phenomenon somewhat controversially described as a “leaky pipeline.” The representation of women in STEM varies geographi- cally, with certain countries having relatively high propor- tions of women among researchers (Bolivia 63%, Venezuela 56%), while others have lower proportions (Republic of Korea 18%, Japan 15%). Only 25% of researchers in France, Germany, and the Netherlands are women. 4 Gender differ- ences also vary by discipline—representation by women is highest in health and life sciences and lowest in engineer- ing and computer science. 4 Beyond the gender imbalance in the number of research- ers, the literature consistently reports a large gender disparity in terms of scholarly publication. 8 A large study of 5.5 million papers and 27.3 million authorships reveals that men produce a greater number of papers (70%) and hold more first authorships (66%) than women, even in the most productive countries. 9 In another study of 1.5 million papers and 2.8 million authorships, men are found to be more likely to hold the prestigious first and last author positions. 9 Other studies report a gender imbalance in the impact of publications, utilizing citations as a proxy. One study finds that only 13% of highly cited authors in 2014 were women; this number varies by discipline, from 3.7% in engineering to 31% in the social sciences. 10 Introduction 1
Duran, A., Lopez, D. Impact of Diversity on Organization and Career Development. C. Hughes (Ed.). Hersey, PA: IGI Global; 2015. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7324-3; Hewlett, A., Marshall, M., Sherbin, L. “How diversity can drive innovation.” Harvard Business Review. 2013. https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-diversity-can-drive-innovation
Forbes Insights. Fostering Innovation Through a Diverse Workforce. http://images.forbes.com/forbesinsights/StudyPDFs/Innovation_Through_Diversity.pdf 2
Thompson, D. “The Secret to Smart Groups: It’s Women.” The Atlantic. 2015.
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/01/the-secret-to-smart-groups-isnt-smart-people/384625/ Woolley A.W., Chabris C.F., Pentland A., Hashmi N., Malone T.W., “Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups.” Science. 2010;330(6004):686-688. doi:10.1126/science.1193147. 3
Lee, H., Pollitzer, E. Gender in Science and Innovation as Component of Inclusive Socioeconomic Growth. London, UK: Portia Ltd; 2016. 4
Huyer, S. “Is the Gender Gap Narrowing in Science and Engineering?” In: UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing; 2015. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf 5
http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/GRC2016StatusofWomen-pdf 6
United Nations. Sustainable Development GOALS - 17 Goals to Transform our World; 2016. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals 7
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Larivière, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B., Sugimoto, C.R. "Global gender disparities in science.” Nature. 2013;504(7479):211-213. doi:10.1038/504211a. 9
West, J.D., Jacquet, J., King, M.M., Correll, S.J., Bergstrom, C.T. “The role of gender in scholarly authorship.” PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e66212. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0066212. 10 Bornmann, L., Bauer, J., Haunschild, R. “Distribution of women and men among highly cited scientists.” J Assoc Inf Sci Technol. 2015;66(12):2715-2716. doi:10.1002/asi. 11 introduction Factors underlying gender disparities in STEM Gender research has suggested several factors that underlie the observed gender inequities in STEM. 4 Persistent bias in hiring, authorship, recognition, and promotion has been noted. One study describes the “Matilda Effect,” in which women authors are associated with a lower perceived quali- ty of publication and interest in collaboration compared to men. 18
ear career path, and are more likely to leave the academic track because of personal factors, such as maternity leave. 19
productivity and advancement differently for men and women.
20 Gender differences in publication number and impact may also be related to differences in collaboration patterns, as collaborator network reach has been associat- ed with greater publication counts and impact, as well as greater promotion. While women researchers collaborate more often than men, their collaborator networks are more often domestic compared to those of men. 22,23 Women
researchers have also been shown to specialize less than men, which may also be linked to lower productivity and promotion. 24, 25
Gender disparities have also been reported with regard to the salaries and advancement of STEM researchers. 11 In
one study of more than 25,000 researchers, being a man is found to be a positive predictor of becoming a Principal Investigator (PI), even after correcting for all other publica- tion and non-publication factors. 12 Other studies have re- ported a slower pace of advancement by women compared to men, with women spending a greater amount of time at the assistant professor level than men. 11, 13
Persistent bias in favor of hiring men, as well as in offering them higher starting salaries, start-up funds, and mentoring support compared to women, has also been described. 14, 15 Several studies have also noted gender differences in the number of patent applications. 16, 17
Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010. doi:10.17226/12062. 12 van Dijk, D., Manor, O., Carey, L.B. “Publication metrics and success on the academic job market.” Curr Biol. 2014;24(11):R516-R517. doi:10.1016/j. cub.2014.04.039. 13 Van den Besselaar, P., Sandström, U. “Gender differences in research performance and its impact on careers: a longitudinal case study.” Scientometrics. 2016;106(1):143-162. doi:10.1007/s11192-015-1775-3. 14 Moss-Racusin, C.A., Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V.L., Graham, M.J., Handelsman, J. “Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students.” Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(41):16474-16479. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211286109. 15 Sege, R., Nykiel-Bub, L., Selk, S. “Sex differences in institutional support for junior biomedical researchers.” JAMA. 2015;314(11):1175. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8517. 16 Whittington, K.B., Smith-Doerr, L. “Gender and commercial science: Women’s patenting in the life sciences.” J Technol Transf. 2005;30(4):355-370. doi:10.1007/ s10961-005-2581-5. 17 Whittington, K.B., Smith-Doerr, L. “Women inventors in context: disparities in patenting across academia and industry.” Gend Soc. 2008;22(2):194-218. doi:10.1177/0891243207313928. 18 Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Glynn, C.J., Huge, M. “The Matilda effect in science communication: an experiment on gender bias in publication quality perceptions and collaboration interest.” Sci Commun. 2013;35:603-625. doi:10.1177/1075547012472684. 19 Ramos, A.M.G., Cortés, J.N., Moreno, E.C. “Dancers in the dark: Scientific careers according to a gender-blind model of promotion.” Interdiscip Sci Rev. 2015;40(2):182-203. doi:10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000112. 20 Kyvik, S., Teigen, M. “Child care, research collaboration, and gender differences in scientific productivity.” Sci Technol Human Values. 1996;21(1):54-71. doi:10.1177/016224399602100103. 21 Warner, E.T., Carapinha, R., Weber, G.M., Hill, E. V., Reede, J.Y. “Faculty promotion and attrition: The importance of coauthor network reach at an academic medical center.” J Gen Intern Med. 2015;31(1):15-17. doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3463-7. 22 Uhly, K.M., Visser, L.M., Zippel, K.S. “Gendered patterns in international research collaborations in academia.” Stud High Educ. September 2015:1-23. doi:10.1080/0 3075079.2015.1072151. 23 Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C.A., Murgia, G. “Gender differences in research collaboration.” J Informetr. 2013;7(4):811-822. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2013.07.002. 24 Leahey, E. “Gender differences in productivity: Research specialization as a missing link.” Gend Soc. 2006;20(6):754-780. doi:10.1177/0891243206293030. 25 Leahey, E., Keith, B., Crockett, J. “Specialization and promotion in an academic discipline.” Res Soc Stratif Mobil. 2010;28(2):135-155. doi:10.1016/j. rssm.2009.12.001. 12 gender in the global research landscape Regional and local initiatives to address gender disparities in STEM The imbalance in opportunities for women in STEM is a global reality that has prompted an examination of the causal factors as well as the development, implementation, and evaluation of potential solutions. Several regional, national, and local organizations have announced initiatives aimed at improving gender equity in STEM. 26 United States The United States government is committed to examin- ing gender representation in STEM, as demonstrated by initiatives from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy 27 and reports from the US Government Accountability Office. 28 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has formally recognized the need to address the gender imbalance in the United States’ biomedical re- search workforce, not only to ensure fairness, but also to channel all available intellectual capacity towards building knowledge and improving human health. 29 In 2015, the NIH called for research into four cross-cutting challenges to workforce diversity: (1) understanding the impact of diversity on research quality and outputs, (2) determining which approaches to improving biomedical training and retention work best, (3) identifying the factors that limit workforce diversity, and (4) developing strategies to imple- ment and sustain diversity within the scientific workforce. Likewise, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has called for the support of all talented researchers, regardless of gender, to ensure the highest-impact scientific discoveries and advances. 30 Through its ADVANCE program, the NSF funds research and initiatives to identify and eliminate organizational barriers to the participation and advance- ment of women academic researchers. Local level efforts to understand the drivers of gender inequity in STEM research, as well as develop and test potential interventions, include those by the Gendered Innovations program based at Stanford University, 31 Harvard University, 21, 32 and Reed College. 32
Europe In 2015, the European Commission (EC) released the Stra- tegic Engagement for Gender Equality, its plan for work aimed at promoting gender equality. 34 The Europe Gender Equal- ity Strategy, developed in 2013 by the Council of Europe, also proposes a set of strategic objectives to advance and empower women, including promoting gender-balanced organizational structures. 35 In line with these statements, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research funding pro- gramme specifically calls for strategies to balance gender representation in research teams and policy and deci- sion-making groups to improve innovation and research quality. 36
Working within the Horizon 2020 programme, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) is actively involved in overseeing the conception, development, implementation, and monitoring of policies for achieving gender equity across the European Union. The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), established an independent body within the European Union to promote gender equality and fight against discrimination, also provides support for cross-cutting research to inform policymakers and other key stakeholders as they work toward gender equality. 37
graphics affect organizations, is one of several institutions involved in the EC-funded STAGES (Structural Transforma- tion to Achieve Gender Equality in Science) project, which supports research on building gender-aware organizational cultures and examining the impact of specific initiatives to improve equal opportunity for women in the scientific research workforce. 26 Frehill, L.M., McNeely, C.L., Pearson Jr, W., Eds. “An international perspective on advancing women in science.” In: Advancing Women in Science, An International Perspective. London, UK: Springer; 2015. 27
Women in STEM, https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/women
Beede, T., Julian, T., Langdon, D., McKittrick, G, Beethida, K., Doms, M., “Women in STEM: A Gender Gap to Innovation”, ESA Issue Brief 2011;4:11 28 United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters, WOMEN IN STEM RESEARCH Better Data and Information Sharing Could Improve Oversight of Federal Grant-making and Title IX Compliance, 2015, http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673987.pdf 29 Valantine, H.A., Collins, F.S. “National Institutes of Health addresses the science of diversity.” Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(40):12240-12242. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1515612112. 30 Córdova, F.A. “Global Research Council: Commit to equity for women researchers.” Nature. 2016;534(7608):475. doi:10.1038/534475a. 31 Stanford Gendered Innovations. https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu 32 Warner, E.T., Carapinha, R., Weber, G.M., Hill, E.V., Reede, J.Y. “Considering context in academic medicine: differences in demographic and professional characteristics and in research productivity and advancement metrics across seven clinical departments.” Acad Med. 2015;90(8):1077-1083. doi:10.1097/ ACM.0000000000000717. 33 Fox, M.F., Whittington, K.B., Linkova, M. “Gender, (in)equity, and the scientific workforce.” In: Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. U. Felt, R. Fourche, C. Miller, L. Smith-Doerr (Eds.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2016. 34
European Commission. Strategic Engagement for Gender Equality. 2015.
https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/strategic_engagement_for_gender_equality_en.pdf 35 The Council of Europe. Europe Gender Equality Strategy. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680590174 36
European Commission. Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/promoting-gender-equality-research-and-innovation#Article 37 European Institute for Gender Equality. http://eige.europa.eu 13 Asia-Pacific Region Gender equity is on Japan’s agenda as evident through government-led initiatives such as “womenomics” and “make women shine”. 38 The Japan Science and Technol- ogy Agency (JST) actively promotes diversity and gender equity through its Office for Diversity and Inclusion established in 2013. JST is currently instituting formal organizational policies to provide women researchers with more mentoring opportunities and flexibility in work schedules, and is pursuing initiatives that will lead to more women among leaders in high level policy positions. Japan is also hosting the Gender Summit 10 (GS10), a program started in 2011 by the EC that has since grown worldwide. The Gender Summits are held through- out the world and provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, scholars, and other stakeholders to come together and discuss gender-based research and the impact of gender on scientific knowledge and innova- tion.
39
In Australia, the Australian National University (ANU) Gender Institute supports gender- and sex-based research and outreach, as well as the development of programs and policies to increase hiring and retention of women across the university. 40 The Institute hosted its first Women in Research Citation Awards in 2016 to specifically recognize the contributions of women researchers. On a national level, the Science in Australia Gender Equity (SAGE) program formed in 2013 within the Australian Academy of Science is currently spear- heading a pilot study of the Athena SWAN program to evaluate gender equity issues in STEM. 41 In the Republic of Korea, the Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (WISET) was es- tablished in 2011 to develop policies to support women along the entire STEM research career continuum. 42 Viewing the Research Enterprise Through a Gender Lens For this report, Elsevier drew on its expertise in mining the Scopus abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature to comprehensively evaluate two gender-based aspects of the global research enterprise: (1) the landscape of global researchers—their publication productivity, impact, and collaborations—viewed through a gender lens and (2) the scope of gender research activity. Elsevier is able to analyze these aspects of the research enterprise across twelve comparator countries and regions and over two time periods, thanks to Scopus’ global coverage: over 62 million documents in more than 21,500 serials by some 5,000 pub- lishers, inclusive across all major research fields, with 6,900 titles in the Physical Sciences, 6,400 in the Health Sciences, 4,150 in the Life Sciences, and 6,800 in the Social Sciences. More information about the Scopus database and the meth- odology used in this report, including the process used to identify gender research papers and the novel gender disambiguation approach, can be found in Appendix B. Use of the information in the report The data in this report may be useful to a range of stake- holder groups, including funders, policymaking bodies, government agencies, and research institutions, to help clarify the scope of gender research as well as gender-relat- ed characteristics of the STEM workforce, and how these have changed over time. This report can help inform devel- opment of evidence-based initiatives to promote diversity and specific policies to improve gender equality and build organizational structures that will support women in their pursuit of careers in STEM research. introduction 38 Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Towards a Society in which all women shine, http://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/pc/page23e_000181.html 39 Gender Summits. gender-summit.eu.; World Economic Forum. Japan Gender Parity Task Force. https://www.weforum.org/projects/japan-gender-parity-task-force 40 Australia National University Gender Institute. http://genderinstitute.anu.edu.au 41 Science in Australia Gender Equity (SAGE). http://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au 42 Center for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (WISET). http://www.wiset.or.kr/eng/index.jsp 14 gender in the global research landscape 15 chapter 1 the global research landscape through a gender lens chapter 1 The global research landscape through a gender lens 16 gender in the global research landscape The proportion of women among researchers and inventors has increased over time in all twelve comparator countries and regions. sections 1.1 & 1.3 Among researchers, women tend to specialize in the biomedical fields and men in the physical sciences. section 1.1 Among researchers, compared to men, women tend to have a lower scholarly output on average, but women and men tend to have similar citation and download impacts. section 1.2 The proportion of patents with at least one woman named as an inventor tends to be higher than the proportion of women among inventors. section 1.3 Key Findings 17 chapter 1 the global research landscape through a gender lens 1.1 Proportion of women and men among researchers To understand gender in the global research land- scape, we need to be able to identify trends among men and women among researchers. As a proxy for researchers, we use authors who have published articles, reviews, and conference proceedings that have been indexed in Scopus, Elsevier’s indexing and abstracting database. Scopus covers 62 million documents published in more than 21,500 titles. In addition to indexing papers and other forms of scholarly output, Scopus indexes authors with an associated unique identifier (Scopus ID). Through this data structure, we can identify all the papers, affil- iations, and citations of an author to form a Scopus Author Profile. Throughout the report, we use the term “researchers” when referring to indicators that are based on author profiles containing all the infor- mation we have for each author, and use “authors” to refer to the ascribed authors for each paper. To conduct any analysis of the relationships between gender of researchers/authors and various indicators of research performance, we first identify the gender of the authors in Scopus. This is done by combining Scopus data with data sources providing information on first names and gender per country (Genderize.io, NamSor sociolinguistic analysis, and Wikipedia name lists), which allow us to assign a gender to author profiles with a first name. The author’s first name field is not mandatory in Scopus and therefore only author profiles with a full first name are included in the gender assignment exercise. We are able to assign a gender to a high proportion of Scopus Author Profiles for each of our twelve selected comparator countries and regions in the two time periods analyzed. For the subset of “named and gendered researchers,” i.e., those researchers whose Scopus Author Profile contains a first name, and to whom we are able to assign a country of origin and gender, the proportion of gendered Scopus Author Profiles ranges across comparators from 80% to 96% for 1996 – 2000 and 82% to 95% for 2011 – 2015. (Please see Appendix B for more details on the methodology used). 43 UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://data.uis.unesco.org. 44 European Commission. She Figures 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_gender_equality/she_figures_2015-final.pdf 45 UNESCO. Gender and Science. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/gender-and-science/improving- measurement-of-gender-equality-in-stem/stem-and-gender-advancement-saga 46 Million Women Mentors. https://www.millionwomenmentors.org/about 47 1000 Girls 1000 Futures. http://www.1000girls1000futures.org 48 http://www.includegender.org/facts/gender-equality UNESCO reports that there is near gender balance among researchers at the graduate level: in 2013, women made up between 44% and 54% of graduates (ISCED level 8) for all comparator countries except Japan, where 33% of gradu- ates were women. 43 The She Figures 2015 report described a similar gender balance in the European Union in 2012, reporting that between 40% and 60% of PhD graduates were women. 44 However, it is also widely recognized that beyond the graduate level, women leave the academic track at different stages and for a number of reasons. With the gender gap in science having been acknowledged some years ago, efforts are being made to rectify the prob- lem. UNESCO’s STEM and Gender Advancement (SAGA) 45
is a worldwide initiative with an overall aim to reduce the gender gap in STEM fields at all levels of education and research. The Million Women Mentors 46 and 1000 Girls – 1000 Futures 47 projects, as well as national and regional groups and initiatives, are pursuing similar end goals with some significant recent progress. As a first step to understanding the global research landscape, we calculate the number of men and women researchers across our twelve comparator countries and regions in the two time periods 1996 – 2000 and 2011 – 2015. Gender balance is said to occur when women make up 40- 60% of any group. 48 Figure 1.1 shows that during the latter period in Brazil and Portugal, women constitute 49% of the researcher population, making these countries particularly noteworthy for reaching gender parity among research- ers. Women comprise more than 40% of researchers in several other comparator countries and regions in the same period: the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, and Denmark. Mexico and Chile are not far behind, each with 38% women among researchers. This is an improvement on the figures in the period 1996 – 2000 when only Portugal had more than 40% women researchers (41%). Indeed, all countries and regions show a greater share of women among researchers in the more recent period: Denmark and Brazil see an increase of 11 percentage points, while the lowest improvements are seen in the countries with the lowest share of women researchers: Chile, Mexico, and Japan. 18 gender in the global research landscape proportion of women and men (among named gendered author profiles) Kataloq: data -> assets -> pdf file -> 0008 pdf file -> A worker’s response to stressors at work may be positive or negative for worker wellbeing, depending on a number of pdf file -> Transurethral Prostatectomy (turp) & Open pdf file -> Department of General Practice Newsletter pdf file -> Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) pdf file -> Beach Cherry Description 0008 -> Myrtle Rust Planting Fact Sheet Page 1 of 4 What is Myrtle rust? 0008 -> Landscaping: An Integral Aspect 0008 -> The kwongan foundation : 4 July : 2014 Vision Yüklə 4,6 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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