This study is one of the first to utilise PD, PWE and CANAPE in analyses of the entire vascular flora of an archipelago at two taxonomic ranks, with previous studies having focused on species within genera or genera within families in continental Australia.
The results of this study are generally consistent with current understanding of New Zealand areas of vascular plant endemism and regional biogeographic patterns. However, the analyses presented here importantly provide new insights into the positions of some of the major biogeographic boundaries and to the types of endemism observed. New centres of endemism can be revealed using the sophisticated analyses in Biodiverse, and patterns of endemism can be identified at a finer scale of resolution and more accurately than in earlier studies. The types of analyses presented here have wide application, including: 1) new hypotheses of areas, boundaries and types of endemism; 2) enabling significant areas to be identified to plan and prioritise conservation efforts; and 3) the phylogenetic metrics can be utilised for environmental reporting to provide insights to and measures of biodiversity at genetic scales not previously possible.
In conclusion, Biodiverse provides a valuable framework for objectively analysing and visualising biodiversity data for the entire vascular flora of the widely dispersed New Zealand archipelago. Further research is needed to better understand the behaviour of endemism metrics with regard to the effects of data biases, taxonomic rank and geographic scale.
Additional rbcL sequencing requirements -
Complete the sequencing for the 10 samples with a sequence gap between internal 3′ and 5′ primers and obtain the complete sequence for the 14 samples missing either the 5′ or 3′ half of rbcL.
18For the 31 genera for which we have not obtained DNA sequences from New Zealand indigenous species, this missing data should be obtained to complete the dataset of rbcL sequences representative of all New Zealand genera. This is achievable and loans from other herbaria with recent collections of these genera and some field work is required to obtain suitable plant material for sequencing. It should be noted that the orchids Gastrodia and Molloybas and the parasitic Dactylanthus do not have chlorophyll and therefore are not able to be sequenced for rbcL.
19Having almost completed the construction of an rbcL phylogeny for New Zealand indigenous vascular plant genera, consideration should be given to expanding this to include indigenous non-vascular moss, liverwort and hornwort genera (bryophytes).
20Discussions have been held with Dr Robbie Holdaway (Landcare Research) about utilising the New Zealand indigenous genus rbcL phylogeny as part of the environmental DNA project (A national framework for biological heritage assessment across natural and productive landscapes) in The National Science Challenge, New Zealand’s Biological Heritage. Completing the rbcL sequencing for the missing genera is a priority as the resulting dataset would have multiple uses.
21References
Laffan, S.W., Lubarsky, E. and Rosauer, D.F., 2010. Biodiverse, a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related diversity. Ecography, 33, 643–647. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06237.x
Mishler, B.D., Knerr, N.J., Gonzalez-Orozco, C.E., Thornhill, A.H., Laffan, S. and Miller, J.T., 2014. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and palaeo-endemism in Australian Acacia. Nature Communications, 4, 4473.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, and Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731-2739.
Appendix 1. Sample information for the new rbcL sequences generated for this contract Sorted alphabetically by genus
Family
|
Genus
|
Species
|
GenBank number
|
Accession number
|
Sequence length (5' + 3', 1324 max)
|
Asteraceae
|
Abrotanella
|
A. caespitosa
|
KT626656
|
CHR 607884
|
1115
|
Rosaceae
|
Acaena
|
A. rorida
|
KT626657
|
CHR 688794
|
1324
|
Gramineae
|
Achnatherum
|
A. petriei
|
KT626658
|
CHR 586059
|
691; 5' only
|
Orchidaceae
|
Acianthus
|
A. sinclairii
|
KT626659
|
CHR 603051
|
1200
|
Cunoniaceae
|
Ackama
|
A. rosifolia
|
KT626660
|
CHR 688775
|
1110
|
Apiaceae
|
Actinotus
|
A. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626661
|
CHR 688799
|
1162
|
Orchidaceae
|
Adenochilus
|
A. gracilis
|
KT626662
|
CHR 530208
|
1324
|
Sapindaceae
|
Alectryon
|
A. excelsus subsp. grandis
|
KT626663
|
CHR 688787
|
1044
|
Loranthaceae
|
Alepis
|
A. flavida
|
KT626664
|
CHR 535350
|
1121
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Alternanthera
|
A. nahui
|
KT626665
|
CHR 688757
|
1180
|
Asteraceae
|
Anaphalioides
|
A. trinervis
|
KT626807
|
CHR 569864
|
1221; 42 bp gap
|
Ranunculaceae
|
Anemone
|
A. tenuicaulis
|
KT626808
|
CHR 591709
|
1303
|
Apiaceae
|
Apium
|
A. prostratum
|
KT626666
|
CHR 688801
|
1301
|
Ericaceae
|
Archeria
|
A. traversii
|
KT626667
|
CHR 596813
|
1233
|
Asteraceae
|
Argyrotegium
|
A. mackayi
|
KT626804
|
CANU 37228
|
553; 5' only
|
Tectariaceae
|
Arthropteris
|
A. tenella
|
KT626668
|
CHR 552984
|
970
|
Urticaceae
|
Australina
|
A. pusilla
|
KT626669
|
CHR 617174
|
1070
|
Gramineae
|
Austrostipa
|
A. stipoides
|
KT626838
|
CHR 688815
|
1324
|
Lauraceae
|
Beilschmiedia
|
B. tawa
|
KT626839
|
CHR 688816
|
1324
|
Asteraceae
|
Brachyscome
|
B. montana
|
KT626670
|
CHR 688802
|
1181
|
Asphodelaceae
|
Bulbinella
|
B. angustifolia
|
KT626671
|
CHR 605120A
|
1197; 105 bp gap
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Callitriche
|
C. petriei
|
KT626809
|
CHR 688803
|
1324
|
Ranunculaceae
|
Caltha
|
C. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626672
|
CHR 506838
|
1314
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Calystegia
|
C. soldanella
|
KT626673
|
CHR 480414
|
1304
|
Brassicaceae
|
Cardamine
|
C. aff. corymbosa
|
KT626674
|
CHR 688807
|
1115
|
Cyperaceae
|
Carex
|
C. impexa
|
KT626675
|
CHR 688774
|
1290
|
Leguminosae
|
Carmichaelia
|
C. muritai
|
KT626676
|
CHR 688789
|
1116
|
Gramineae
|
Cenchrus
|
C. caliculatus
|
KT626677
|
CHR 580706
|
1088
|
Apiaceae
|
Centella
|
C. uniflora
|
KT626678
|
CHR 625866
|
1046
|
Asteraceae
|
Centipeda
|
C. aotearoana
|
KT626810
|
CHR 688830
|
1324
|
Apiaceae
|
Chaerophyllum
|
C. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626679
|
CHR 688806
|
1070
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Chenopodium
|
C. detestens
|
KT626680
|
CHR 688808
|
1181
|
Ranunculaceae
|
Clematis
|
C. paniculata
|
KT626681
|
CHR 688785
|
1113
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
Colobanthus
|
C. sp. Manahune
|
KT626682
|
CHR 688765
|
1318
|
Gramineae
|
Connorochloa
|
C. tenuis
|
KT626811
|
CHR 635134
|
1324
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Convolvulus
|
C. fractosaxosa
|
KT626683
|
CHR 564693
|
1184
|
Orchidaceae
|
Corunastylis
|
C. pumila
|
KT626812
|
CHR 324126
|
700; 3' only
|
Asteraceae
|
Cotula
|
C. australis
|
KT626684
|
CHR 688768
|
1310
|
Asteraceae
|
Craspedia
|
C. sp.
|
KT626806
|
RDSmissen 143S; no voucher
|
1215; 130 bp gap
|
Crassulaceae
|
Crassula
|
C. helmsii
|
KT626832
|
CHR610093
|
1324
|
Dryopteridaceae
|
Cystopteris
|
C. tasmanica
|
KT626685
|
CHR 606990
|
1101
|
Podocarpaceae
|
Dacrydium
|
D. cuppresinum
|
KT626686
|
CHR 688752
|
1324
|
Asteraceae
|
Damnamenia
|
D. vernicosa
|
KT626687
|
CHR 303822
|
1159
|
Apiaceae
|
Daucus
|
D. glochidiatus
|
KT626688
|
CHR 620205
|
1324
|
Gramineae
|
Deyeuxia
|
D. aucklandica
|
KT626689
|
CHR 604569
|
1324
|
Hemerocallidaceae
|
Dianella
|
D. latissima
|
KT626690
|
CHR 688770
|
1064
|
Gramineae
|
Dichelachne
|
D. micrantha
|
KT626691
|
CHR 564101
|
725; 3' only
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Dichondra
|
D. repens
|
KT626692
|
CHR 688766
|
1308
|
Dryopteridaceae
|
Diplazium
|
D. australe
|
KT626693
|
CHR 510484
|
647; 5' only
|
Aizoaceae
|
Disphyma
|
D. australe subsp. australe
|
KT626694
|
CHR 604292
|
1300
|
Asteraceae
|
Dolichoglottis
|
D. lyallii
|
KT626695
|
CHR 515343
|
1324; 223 bp gap
|
Orchidaceae
|
Drymoanthus
|
D. adversus
|
KT626813
|
CHR 592300
|
825; 3' only
|
Meliaceae
|
Dysoxylum
|
D. spectabile
|
KT626696
|
CHR 471369
|
690; 5' only
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Dysphania
|
D. pusilla
|
KT626697
|
CHR 688809
|
1180
|
Orchidaceae
|
Earina
|
E. mucronata ?
|
KT626698
|
CHR 615991
|
1303
|
Elaeocarpaceae
|
Elaeocarpus
|
E. hookerianus
|
KT626814
|
CHR 523579
|
1295
|
Elatinaceae
|
Elatine
|
E. gratioloides
|
KT626699
|
CHR 592133
|
1208
|
Urticaceae
|
Elatostema
|
E. rugosum
|
KT626700
|
CHR 472985
|
1263
|
Ericaceae
|
Epacris
|
E. pauciflora var. sinclairii
|
KT626815
|
CHR 503909
|
1315
|
Onagraceae
|
Epilobium
|
E. nummularifolium
|
KT626701
|
CHR 688776
|
1071
|
Apiaceae
|
Eryngium
|
E. vesiculosum
|
KT626702
|
CHR 610065
|
1136
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Euphorbia
|
E. glauca
|
KT626703
|
CHR 688761
|
1103
|
Orobanchaceae
|
Euphrasia
|
E. wettsteiniana
|
KT626704
|
CHR 619184
|
1149
|
Gramineae
|
Festuca
|
F. actae
|
KT626816
|
CHR 620407
|
1035
|
Cyperaceae
|
Ficinia
|
F. spiralis
|
KT626817
|
CHR 550373
|
1235
|
Cyperaceae
|
Fimbristylis
|
F. squarrosa
|
KT626818
|
CHR 466163
|
688; 5' only
|
Pandanaceae
|
Freycinetia
|
F. banksii
|
KT626705
|
CHR 605445 A
|
1185
|
Onagraceae
|
Fuchsia
|
F. perscandens
|
KT626706
|
CHR 688810
|
1129
|
Cyperaceae
|
Gahnia
|
G. lacera
|
KT626707
|
CHR 614507
|
1121; 41 bp gap
|
Rubiaceae
|
Galium
|
G. "Limestone"
|
KT626708
|
CHR 688811
|
697; 5' only
|
Ericaceae
|
Gaultheria
|
G. antipoda
|
KT626709
|
CHR 596532
|
1283
|
Loganiaceae
|
Geniostoma
|
G. ligustrifolium var majus
|
KT626710
|
CHR 688786
|
1071
|
Gentianaceae
|
Gentianella
|
G. bellidifolia
|
KT626711
|
CHR 688812
|
1195
|
Rosaceae
|
Geum
|
G. cockaynei
|
KT626819
|
CHR 688763
|
1324
|
Apiaceae
|
Gingidia
|
G. haematitica
|
KT626712
|
CHR 514866
|
1116
|
Haloragaceae
|
Gonocarpus
|
G. aggregatus
|
KT626713
|
CHR 614461
|
973
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Gratiola
|
G. concinna
|
KT626714
|
CHR 618106
|
1202
|
Haloragaceae
|
Haloragis
|
H. erecta
|
KT626715
|
CHR 688753
|
1184
|
Asteraceae
|
Helichrysum
|
H. filicaule
|
KT626716
|
CHR 607937
|
1324
|
Malvaceae
|
Hibiscus
|
H. richardsonii
|
KT626717
|
CHR 688777
|
1314
|
Araliaceae
|
Hydrocotyle
|
H. robusta
|
KT626718
|
CHR 688795
|
1042
|
Hypericaceae
|
Hypericum
|
H. rubicundulum
|
KT626719
|
CHR 688792
|
1068
|
Orchidaceae
|
Ichthyostomum
|
I. pygmaeum
|
KT626820
|
CHR 316371
|
667; 3' only
|
Loranthaceae
|
Ileostylus
|
I. micranthus
|
KT626720
|
CHR 567741
|
1265
|
Colchicaceae
|
Iphigenia
|
I. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626721
|
CHR 554363
|
1324
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Ipomoea
|
I. cairica
|
KT626722
|
CHR 518158
|
1218
|
Gramineae
|
Isachne
|
I. globosa
|
KT626723
|
CHR 619240
|
1324
|
Calceolariaceae
|
Jovellana
|
J. sinclairii
|
KT626821
|
CHR 688782
|
1295
|
Thymelaeaceae
|
Kelleria
|
K. dieffenbachii
|
KT626834
|
CHR 688817
|
1318
|
Santalaceae
|
Korthalsella
|
K. clavata
|
KT626724
|
CHR 688813
|
1187
|
Myrtaceae
|
Kunzea
|
K. robusta
|
KT626835
|
CHR 688818
|
1324
|
Gramineae
|
Lachnagrostis
|
L. tenuis
|
KT626725
|
CHR 619124
|
1318
|
Asteraceae
|
Lagenophora
|
L. barkeri
|
KT626803
|
CHR 507891
|
1184; 47 bp gap
|
Rutaceae
|
Leionema
|
l. nudum
|
KT626726
|
CHR 688773
|
1324
|
Brassicaceae
|
Lepidium
|
L. banksii
|
KT626727
|
CHR 553591 A
|
1324
|
Cyperaceae
|
Lepidosperma
|
L. australe
|
KT626728
|
CHR 602893
|
1181
|
Ericaceae
|
Leptecophylla
|
L. robusta
|
KT626729
|
CHR 688796
|
1111
|
Rubiaceae
|
Leptostigma
|
L. setulosum
|
KT626730
|
CHR 688800
|
1300
|
Apiaceae
|
Lignocarpa
|
L. diversifolia
|
KT626731
|
CHR 471842
|
1324
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Limosella
|
L. lineata
|
KT626732
|
CHR 688771
|
1286
|
Lauraceae
|
Litsea
|
L. calcicaris
|
KT626733
|
CHR 550254
|
1314
|
Campanulaceae
|
Lobelia
|
L. physaloides
|
KT626734
|
CHR 688756
|
1214
|
Polypodiaceae
|
Loxogramme
|
L. dictyopteris
|
KT626735
|
CHR 539841
|
1324
|
Luzuriagaceae
|
Luzuriaga
|
L. parviflora
|
KT626736
|
CHR 630362
|
1324
|
Cyperaceae
|
Machaerina
|
M. sinclairii
|
KT626822
|
CHR 591924
|
1324
|
Juncaceae
|
Marsippospermum
|
M. gracile
|
KT626737
|
CHR 503298
|
1115
|
Phrymaceae
|
Mazus
|
M. radicans
|
KT626738
|
CHR 618785
|
1324
|
Rutaceae
|
Melicope
|
M. ternata
|
KT626739
|
CHR 688781
|
1313
|
Labiatae
|
Mentha
|
M. cunninghamii
|
KT626740
|
CHR 508454
|
1157
|
Asteraceae
|
Microseris
|
M. scapigera
|
KT626823
|
CHR 420451
|
1324
|
Loganiaceae
|
Mitrasacme
|
M. helmsii
|
KT626741
|
CHR 624366
|
1071
|
Cyperaceae
|
Morelotia
|
M. affinis
|
KT626742
|
CHR 554079
|
1070
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Myoporum
|
M. laetum
|
KT626743
|
CHR 688760
|
1070
|
Boraginaceae
|
Myosotidium
|
M. hortensia
|
KT626744
|
CHR 594776
|
1129
|
Boraginaceae
|
Myosotis
|
M. drucei
|
KT626745
|
CHR 620110
|
553; 5' only
|
Haloragaceae
|
Myriophyllum
|
M. propinquum
|
KT626746
|
CHR 688762
|
1318
|
Primulaceae
|
Myrsine
|
M. aquilonia
|
KT626747
|
CHR 688784
|
1284
|
Orchidaceae
|
Nematoceras
|
N. orbicularis
|
KT626824
|
CHR 688820
|
1324
|
Rubiaceae
|
Nertera
|
N. balfouriana
|
KT626748
|
CHR 688754
|
1235
|
Oleaceae
|
Nestegis
|
N. apetala
|
KT626749
|
CHR 688780
|
1231
|
Brassicaceae
|
Notothlaspi
|
N. australis
|
KT626750
|
CHR 688814
|
1318
|
Gramineae
|
Oplismenus
|
O. hirtellus
|
KT626751
|
CHR 565709
|
1116
|
Cyperaceae
|
Oreobolus
|
O. impar
|
KT626752
|
CHR 619190
|
1071
|
Orchidaceae
|
Orthoceras
|
O. novae-zeelandiae
|
KT626753
|
CHR 525816
|
1168
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Ourisia
|
O. sessilifolia
|
KT626825
|
CHR 595645
|
1324
|
Asteraceae
|
Ozothamnus
|
O. leptophylla
|
KT626754
|
CHR 688772
|
1324
|
Gramineae
|
Paspalum
|
P. orbiculare
|
KT626840
|
CHR 688821
|
1324
|
Passifloraceae
|
Passiflora
|
P. tetrandra
|
KT626755
|
CHR 688797
|
1168
|
Geraniaceae
|
Pelargonium
|
P. inodorum
|
KT626826
|
CHR 505483
|
1324
|
Piperaceae
|
Peperomia
|
P. urvilleana
|
KT626756
|
CHR 603162
|
1161
|
Orchidaceae
|
Petalochilus
|
P. varigatus
|
KT626757
|
CHR 609677
|
1146
|
Lycopodiaceae
|
Phlegmariurus
|
P. varius
|
KT626758
|
CHR 602463 A
|
1187
|
Asteraceae
|
Picris
|
P. burbidgei
|
KT626841
|
CHR 688822
|
1324
|
Pittosporaceae
|
Pittosporum
|
P. cornifolium
|
KT626759
|
CHR 688778
|
1318
|
Sapotaceae
|
Planchonella
|
P. costata
|
KT626760
|
CHR 585498
|
1097
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Plantago
|
P. “Sewell Peak”
|
KT626761
|
CHR 688758
|
1114
|
Labiatae
|
Plectranthus
|
P. parviflorus
|
KT626762
|
CHR 466161
|
1260; 73 bp gap
|
Aspleniaceae
|
Pleurosorus
|
P. rutifolius
|
KT626833
|
CHR 474971
|
1324
|
Thelypteridaceae
|
Pneumatopteris
|
P. pennigera
|
KT626763
|
CHR 620410
|
1198; 32 bp gap
|
Gramineae
|
Poa
|
P. sudicola
|
KT626764
|
CHR 546759 B
|
1184
|
Phyllanthaceae
|
Poranthera
|
P. alpina
|
KT626765
|
CHR 605954
|
1110
|
Potamogetonaceae
|
Potamogeton
|
P. suboblongus
|
KT626827
|
CHR 607282
|
660; 5' only
|
Rosaceae
|
Potentilla
|
P. anserinoides
|
KT626766
|
CHR 688798
|
1324
|
Urticaceae
|
Pouzolzia
|
P. australis
|
KT626767
|
CHR 500267
|
1090
|
Orchidaceae
|
Prasophyllum
|
P. colensoi
|
KT626768
|
CHR 620570
|
1115
|
Asteraceae
|
Pseudognaphalium
|
P. luteoalbum
|
KT626769
|
CHR 688759
|
1324
|
Paracryphiaceae
|
Quintinia
|
Q. acutifolia
|
KT626828
|
CHR 630350
|
652; 5' only
|
Asteraceae
|
Rachelia
|
R. glaria
|
KT626805
|
CANU 35555
|
1157; 48 bp gap
|
Ranunculaceae
|
Ranunculus
|
R. ranceorum
|
KT626770
|
CHR 688764
|
1318
|
Ripogonaceae
|
Ripogonum
|
R. scandens
|
KT626771
|
CHR 630348
|
1126
|
Brassicaceae
|
Rorippa
|
R. divaricata
|
KT626842
|
CHR 688823
|
1324
|
Rosaceae
|
Rubus
|
R. parvus
|
KT626843
|
CHR 688824
|
1324
|
Polygonaceae
|
Rumex
|
R. flexuosus
|
KT626844
|
CHR 688825
|
1324
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Sarcocornia
|
S. quinqueflora
|
KT626772
|
CHR 509368 A
|
1259
|
Goodeniaceae
|
Scaevola
|
S. gracilis
|
KT626773
|
CHR 473386
|
1324
|
Apiaceae
|
Scandia
|
S. rosaefolia
|
KT626774
|
CHR 550309
|
1150
|
Cyperaceae
|
Schoenoplectus
|
S. tabernaemontani
|
KT626775
|
CHR 503128 B
|
1324
|
Cyperaceae
|
Schoenus
|
S. apogon
|
KT626776
|
CHR 552946
|
1185
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
Scleranthus
|
S. uniflorus
|
KT626777
|
CHR 688793
|
1045
|
Labiatae
|
Scutellaria
|
S. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626778
|
CHR 553817
|
1183
|
Gentianaceae
|
Sebaea
|
S. ovata
|
KT626779
|
CHR 536601
|
1324
|
Asteraceae
|
Senecio
|
S. carnosula
|
KT626836
|
CHR 688826
|
1324
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Sicyos
|
S. mawhai
|
KT626780
|
CHR 518213
|
1175
|
Solanaceae
|
Solanum
|
S. latifolium
|
KT626781
|
CHR 688791
|
1072
|
Asteraceae
|
Sonchus
|
S. kirkii
|
KT626829
|
CHR 610068
|
1202
|
Leguminosae
|
Sophora
|
S. longicarinata
|
KT626782
|
CHR 688779
|
1305
|
Sparganiaceae
|
Sparganium
|
S. subglobosum
|
KT626783
|
CHR 636696
|
1047
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
Spergularia
|
S. tasmanica
|
KT626845
|
CHR 688827
|
1324
|
Gramineae
|
Spinifex
|
S. sericeus
|
KT626784
|
CHR 553001
|
1125
|
Orchidaceae
|
Spiranthes
|
S. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626785
|
CHR 607274
|
1100
|
Orchidaceae
|
Stegostyla
|
S. lyallii
|
KT626786
|
CHR596931
|
1110
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
Stellaria
|
S. gracilenta
|
KT626837
|
CHR 688828
|
1324
|
Moraceae
|
Streblus
|
S. smithii
|
KT626787
|
CHR 688755
|
1150
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Suaeda
|
S. novae-zelandiae
|
KT626788
|
CHR 506556
|
1295
|
Myrtaceae
|
Syzygium
|
S. maire
|
KT626830
|
CHR 592285
|
1296
|
Asteraceae
|
Taraxacum
|
T. magellanicum
|
KT626802
|
CHR 514144
|
1324; 42 bp gap
|
Bignoniaceae
|
Tecomanthe
|
T. speciosa
|
KT626789
|
CHR 688788
|
1195
|
Orchidaceae
|
Thelymitra
|
T. carnea
|
KT626790
|
CHR 550399
|
1078
|
Thelypteridaceae
|
Thelypteris
|
T. confluens
|
KT626846
|
CHR 688829
|
1308
|
Phrymaceae
|
Thyridia
|
T. repens
|
KT626791
|
CHR 605428
|
1159
|
Asteraceae
|
Traversia
|
T. baccharoides
|
KT626792
|
CHR 595605
|
1115
|
Gramineae
|
Trisetum
|
T. youngii
|
KT626793
|
CHR 635187
|
1324
|
Typhaceae
|
Typha
|
T. orientalis
|
KT626831
|
CHR 495389
|
1116
|
Urticaceae
|
Urtica
|
U. linearifolia
|
KT626794
|
CHR 606040
|
1071
|
Violaceae
|
Viola
|
V. cunninghamii
|
KT626795
|
CHR 688804
|
1005
|
Labiatae
|
Vitex
|
V. lucens
|
KT626796
|
CHR 688783
|
1284
|
Asteraceae
|
Vittadinia
|
V. australis
|
KT626797
|
CHR 552797
|
1070
|
Campanulaceae
|
Wahlenbergia
|
W. albomarginata
|
KT626798
|
CHR 617821
|
697; 5' only
|
Cunoniaceae
|
Weinmannia
|
W. racemosa
|
KT626799
|
CHR 688790
|
1136
|
Orchidaceae
|
Winika
|
W. cunninghamii
|
KT626800
|
CHR 530204
|
1111
|
Gramineae
|
Zoysia
|
Z. minima
|
KT626801
|
CHR 632533
|
1128
|
Appendix 2. Genus rbcL phylogeny
Appendix 3. Generic phylogenetic endemism
A. Richness, main New Zealand islands. B. Corrected Weighted Endemism, main New Zealand islands. C. Corrected Weighted Endemism, New Zealand archipelago. Dark blue: primary endemism (top 1%) CWE values; light blue: secondary endemism (top 5%) CWE values; +: greater CWE than expected from random; •: less CWE than expected from random; white: empty cell.
Appendix 4. Genus-level patterns of PD, PWE and neo- and palaeo-endemism
Genus-level patterns and types of neo- and palaeo-endemism. A. Relative phylogenetic diversity significance levels resulting from a randomization test. B. Relative phylogenetic endemism significance levels resulting from a randomization test. C. CANAPE areas of neo-, mixed- and palaeo-endemism. D. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for New Zealand archipelago. E. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for North Island. F. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for South Island. G. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for offshore islands. A, B: red values indicate cells that contain significantly less RPD and RPE than expected; blue values indicate cells that contain significantly more RPD and RPE than expected.
Appendix 5. Species-level patterns of PD, PWE and neo- and palaeo-endemism
A. Relative phylogenetic diversity significance levels resulting from a randomization test. B. Relative phylogenetic endemism significance levels resulting from a randomization test. C. CANAPE areas of neo-, mixed- and palaeo-endemism. D. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for New Zealand archipelago. E. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for North Island. F. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for South Island. G. Barplot of CANAPE analysis for offshore islands. A, B: red values indicate cells that contain significantly less RPD and RPE than expected; blue values indicate cells that contain significantly more RPD and RPE than expected.
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