Dalabon plants and animals aboriginal biocultural knowledge from southern Arnhem Land, north Australia Daisy Bordulk
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| Outline( Introduction( Lexical(semantics(
Synonymy(
Subcategorization( Problematic(cases( ( 3
Sarah(Cutfield( Australian(ethnoclassification( Dominant(use(of(monomorphemic(names( at(the(species(level((e.g.(Waddy(1988,( McKnight(1999,(Baker(2007)(( Polysemies(based(on(metonymic( relationships(between(biologically( unrelated(taxa((Evans(1997)((( Sarah(Cutfield( 4 ( Evans(1997( Somewhere,(then,(we(need(to(make(explicit( the(cultural(knowledge(that(allows(us(to( substantiate(a(claim(of(semantic( relatedness,(and(that(underlies(the(creative( figurative(use(that(eventually(becomes( lexicalised(as(different(senses(or(derivatives.( (pp.(150,(my(emphasis)(( Sarah(Cutfield( 5 ( Bordulk(et(al.(2012( DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Aboriginal biocultural knowledge from southern Arnhem Land, north Australia Daisy Bordulk†, Nikipini Dalak, Maggie Tukumba, Lily Bennett, Rita Bordro Tingey, Margaret Katherine, Sarah Cutfield, Manuel Pamkal and Glenn Wightman 20(years(of(documentation:( 550(named(species,(844( names(
Dalabon(speakers,( Ethnobiologists,(Linguists( (Carolyn(Coleman,(Francesca( Merlan,(Nicholas(Evans,( Salome(Harris)( Target(audience(is(Dalabon( community( Sarah(Cutfield( 6 (
Yawok( Sarah(Cutfield( 7 (
bulbifera)( 2. Green(grasshopper( (Orthoptera,(Ensifera,(
47 NTBB 41 DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Yawok, cheeky yams, page 106 (Photo Glenn Wightman). Burre, red yam, page 107 (Photo Glenn Wightman). 138 DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS NTBB 41 Yawok, green grasshopper, page 199 (Photo Ian Morris). Dinirdini, the cicada, page 200 (Photo Michael J Barritt) .
Yawok( Sarah(Cutfield( 8 (
grasshopper,(calls(he(is( telling(us(the(cheeky(yam,( Dioscorea(bulbifera,(which( has(the(same(Dalabon( name,(is(ready(to(harvest.”(( (Bordulk(et(al.(2012:199)((( 47 NTBB 41
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Yawok, cheeky yams, page 106 (Photo Glenn Wightman). Burre, red yam, page 107 (Photo Glenn Wightman). Sign(metonymy( 138
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS NTBB 41
Yawok, green grasshopper, page 199 (Photo Ian Morris). Dinirdini, the cicada, page 200 (Photo Michael J Barritt) .
Signifer(–(Signified(–(Lexicon( Lexeme( Taxon((denotatum)( Sense ((
Sarah(Cutfield( 9 ( Signifer(–(Signified(–(Lexicon( Lexeme( Taxon((denotatum)( Sense ((
Sarah(Cutfield( 10 ( One]to]many,(many]to]one(relationships,( and,(evidence(for(their(organisation.( Lexical(Semantics( Polysemy(
Biologically(close(
Biologically(unrelated( Synonymy(
Same(set(of(denotata(
Partially]overlapping(set(of(denotata( Subcategorization( Sarah(Cutfield( 11 ( Lexical(Semantics( Polysemy(
Biologically(close(
Biologically(unrelated:(sign(metonymy( Synonymy(
Same(set(of(denotata(
Partially]overlapping(set(of(denotata( Subcategorization( Sarah(Cutfield( 12 ( Lexical(Semantics( Polysemy(
Biologically(close:(actually(monosemous?(
Biologically(unrelated( Synonymy(
Same(set(of(denotata(
Partially]overlapping(set(of(denotata( Subcategorization( Sarah(Cutfield( 13 ( Lexical(Semantics( Polysemy(
Biologically(close(
Biologically(unrelated( Synonymy(
Same(set(of(denotata(
Partially]overlapping(set(of(denotata(
“Subcategorization”( Sarah(Cutfield( 14 ( Further(Subcategorization( Size( Age(
Sex(
Colour(
Parental(status( Sarah(Cutfield( 15 ( Brush]tail(Possum(( (Trichosurus(vulpecula(arnhemensis)( Sarah(Cutfield( 16 ( 173 NTBB 41
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Red Flying-fox
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Red Flying-fox
Pteropus scapulatus
The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. It has a good smell just like the black flying-fox. The meat is very good for you, when you eat it you feel strong and healthy. The meat is also good medicine to treat asthma. The flying-fox roosts high up in a tree. He hangs nose down and wraps himself with his wings. In the old times people would climb up into the trees and knock them down with long hitting-sticks called
or
djumbarldjumbarl. In recent times shot-guns have been used. The little brown or red flying-fox eats the flowers and fruit of lots of different trees. The hunting sign for
black and red flying-foxes, is to move both elbows in and out, in the same way the flying-fox moves its wings when roosting. POSSUM-LIKE MAMMALS Brush-tail Possum
warrakurl young female
yiwidjwidj female
yewidjwidj female
Yirridjdja males/Duwa females The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. They eat lots of native fruits and flowers. They live in hollow trees and logs, often you can see their tracks on the bark of trees that they live in. These trees are cut down to get the possum. Sometimes a mirror or tobacco tin lid is used to look into hollow logs, to see if a possum is hiding there. The brush-tail possum is a Dreaming animal or totem for some Dalabon people, including Lily Bennett and Rita Tingey. There is a Dreaming site at Madbay near Bulman. Brush-tail Possum, dukula male, nardinj male, warrakurl young female yiwidjwidj female, yewidjwidj female Yirridjdja males/Duwa females Brush]tail(Possum(( (Trichosurus(vulpecula(arnhemensis)( Sarah(Cutfield( 17 ( 173 NTBB 41
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Red Flying-fox
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Red Flying-fox
Pteropus scapulatus
The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. It has a good smell just like the black flying-fox. The meat is very good for you, when you eat it you feel strong and healthy. The meat is also good medicine to treat asthma. The flying-fox roosts high up in a tree. He hangs nose down and wraps himself with his wings. In the old times people would climb up into the trees and knock them down with long hitting-sticks called
or
djumbarldjumbarl. In recent times shot-guns have been used. The little brown or red flying-fox eats the flowers and fruit of lots of different trees. The hunting sign for
black and red flying-foxes, is to move both elbows in and out, in the same way the flying-fox moves its wings when roosting. POSSUM-LIKE MAMMALS Brush-tail Possum
warrakurl young female
yiwidjwidj female
yewidjwidj female
Yirridjdja males/Duwa females The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. They eat lots of native fruits and flowers. They live in hollow trees and logs, often you can see their tracks on the bark of trees that they live in. These trees are cut down to get the possum. Sometimes a mirror or tobacco tin lid is used to look into hollow logs, to see if a possum is hiding there. The brush-tail possum is a Dreaming animal or totem for some Dalabon people, including Lily Bennett and Rita Tingey. There is a Dreaming site at Madbay near Bulman. Brush-tail Possum, dukula male, nardinj male, warrakurl young female yiwidjwidj female, yewidjwidj female Yirridjdja males/Duwa females Brush]tail(Possum(( (Trichosurus(vulpecula(arnhemensis)( Sarah(Cutfield( 18 ( 173 NTBB 41
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Red Flying-fox
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Red Flying-fox
Pteropus scapulatus
The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. It has a good smell just like the black flying-fox. The meat is very good for you, when you eat it you feel strong and healthy. The meat is also good medicine to treat asthma. The flying-fox roosts high up in a tree. He hangs nose down and wraps himself with his wings. In the old times people would climb up into the trees and knock them down with long hitting-sticks called
or
djumbarldjumbarl. In recent times shot-guns have been used. The little brown or red flying-fox eats the flowers and fruit of lots of different trees. The hunting sign for
black and red flying-foxes, is to move both elbows in and out, in the same way the flying-fox moves its wings when roosting. POSSUM-LIKE MAMMALS Brush-tail Possum
warrakurl young female
yiwidjwidj female
yewidjwidj female
Yirridjdja males/Duwa females The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. They eat lots of native fruits and flowers. They live in hollow trees and logs, often you can see their tracks on the bark of trees that they live in. These trees are cut down to get the possum. Sometimes a mirror or tobacco tin lid is used to look into hollow logs, to see if a possum is hiding there. The brush-tail possum is a Dreaming animal or totem for some Dalabon people, including Lily Bennett and Rita Tingey. There is a Dreaming site at Madbay near Bulman. Brush-tail Possum, dukula male, nardinj male, warrakurl young female yiwidjwidj female, yewidjwidj female Yirridjdja males/Duwa females Brush]tail(Possum(( (Trichosurus(vulpecula(arnhemensis)( Sarah(Cutfield( 19 ( 173 NTBB 41
DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Red Flying-fox
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Red Flying-fox
Pteropus scapulatus
The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. It has a good smell just like the black flying-fox. The meat is very good for you, when you eat it you feel strong and healthy. The meat is also good medicine to treat asthma. The flying-fox roosts high up in a tree. He hangs nose down and wraps himself with his wings. In the old times people would climb up into the trees and knock them down with long hitting-sticks called
or
djumbarldjumbarl. In recent times shot-guns have been used. The little brown or red flying-fox eats the flowers and fruit of lots of different trees. The hunting sign for
black and red flying-foxes, is to move both elbows in and out, in the same way the flying-fox moves its wings when roosting. POSSUM-LIKE MAMMALS Brush-tail Possum
warrakurl young female
yiwidjwidj female
yewidjwidj female
Yirridjdja males/Duwa females The meat is good to eat after roasting on hot coals and ashes. They eat lots of native fruits and flowers. They live in hollow trees and logs, often you can see their tracks on the bark of trees that they live in. These trees are cut down to get the possum. Sometimes a mirror or tobacco tin lid is used to look into hollow logs, to see if a possum is hiding there. The brush-tail possum is a Dreaming animal or totem for some Dalabon people, including Lily Bennett and Rita Tingey. There is a Dreaming site at Madbay near Bulman. Brush-tail Possum, dukula male, nardinj male, warrakurl young female yiwidjwidj female, yewidjwidj female Yirridjdja males/Duwa females Species(which(have(a(significant( degree(of(subcategorization( Macropods( Dingo(
Big(fish:(Barramundi,(Saratoga( Brush]tail(possum( Bush(turkey( Frill]necked(lizard( Termite(mound( Grasshopper( Sarah(Cutfield( 20 ( Lexical(Semantics( Polysemy(
Biologically(close(
Biologically(unrelated(
Synonymy(
Single(denotatum(
Same(set(of(denotata(
Partially]overlapping(set(of(denotata( Subcategorization( Sarah(Cutfield( 21 ( Synonymy:(single(denotatum( Two(or(more(names(used(to(refer(to(a(single( species((or,(denotatum)( Sarah(Cutfield( 22 (
Synonymy:(single(denotatum( Two(or(more(names(used(to(refer(to(a(single( species((or,(denotatum)( Synonyms?(Really?((
Borrowings?((
Registers?(
Shift/Loss/Dialect(collapse(or(levelling?( Lack(of(morphological(clues((derivation,( compounding(etc.)(( Sarah(Cutfield( 23 (
Barramundi((Lates(calcarifer)( Sarah(Cutfield( 24 (
Register(synonyms( Sarah(Cutfield( 25 (
NTBB 41 DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Archerfish, Riflefish
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Barramundi
namarnkorl (big female) dowdow (small male) dowrdow (small male) karndinj (mid sized) Yirridjdja patrimoiety the meat is tasty after roasting on hot coals. The small fish are good to make into soup and curry as well. The smaller ones are excellent to use as live bait to catch bigger fish like barramundi, catfish and turtles. Banded Grunter
The meat can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. It is good to eat and there are not too many bones. They are easy to catch on a hand-line. Barramundi
Lates calcarifer
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are excellent food. They can get very large and fight hard when caught on a line. The large ones are often put back in the water to breed. The small ones are also put back in the water, to be caught when they are bigger. In the past they were often speared, but they were also caught on lines made from string from
the northern kurrajong, and using a sharp bone as a hook.
Archerfish, Riflefish djamard (big one) Toxotes chatareus djedberde (small one)
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are very common. The big ones swim in the deep water, and they ‘walk’ near the bottom. The smaller ones swim near the surface. They spit water at insects to knock them into the water, then they catch them and eat them. The large ones can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. The small ones are used as live bait to catch larger fish.
Register(synonyms( Sarah(Cutfield( 26 (
NTBB 41 DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Archerfish, Riflefish
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Barramundi
namarnkorl (big female) dowdow (small male) dowrdow (small male) karndinj (mid sized) Yirridjdja patrimoiety the meat is tasty after roasting on hot coals. The small fish are good to make into soup and curry as well. The smaller ones are excellent to use as live bait to catch bigger fish like barramundi, catfish and turtles. Banded Grunter
The meat can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. It is good to eat and there are not too many bones. They are easy to catch on a hand-line. Barramundi
Lates calcarifer
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are excellent food. They can get very large and fight hard when caught on a line. The large ones are often put back in the water to breed. The small ones are also put back in the water, to be caught when they are bigger. In the past they were often speared, but they were also caught on lines made from string from
the northern kurrajong, and using a sharp bone as a hook.
Archerfish, Riflefish djamard (big one) Toxotes chatareus djedberde (small one)
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are very common. The big ones swim in the deep water, and they ‘walk’ near the bottom. The smaller ones swim near the surface. They spit water at insects to knock them into the water, then they catch them and eat them. The large ones can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. The small ones are used as live bait to catch larger fish.
Register(synonyms( Sarah(Cutfield( 27 (
NTBB 41 DALABON PLANTS AND ANIMALS Archerfish, Riflefish
Yirridjdja patrimoiety Barramundi
namarnkorl (big female) dowdow (small male) dowrdow (small male) karndinj (mid sized) Yirridjdja patrimoiety the meat is tasty after roasting on hot coals. The small fish are good to make into soup and curry as well. The smaller ones are excellent to use as live bait to catch bigger fish like barramundi, catfish and turtles. Banded Grunter
The meat can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. It is good to eat and there are not too many bones. They are easy to catch on a hand-line. Barramundi
Lates calcarifer
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are excellent food. They can get very large and fight hard when caught on a line. The large ones are often put back in the water to breed. The small ones are also put back in the water, to be caught when they are bigger. In the past they were often speared, but they were also caught on lines made from string from
the northern kurrajong, and using a sharp bone as a hook.
Archerfish, Riflefish djamard (big one) Toxotes chatareus djedberde (small one)
Yirridjdja patrimoiety These fish are very common. The big ones swim in the deep water, and they ‘walk’ near the bottom. The smaller ones swim near the surface. They spit water at insects to knock them into the water, then they catch them and eat them. The large ones can be eaten after roasting on hot coals. The small ones are used as live bait to catch larger fish. “Dardiki(is(a(special( ceremonial(Dalabon(name.”(( (Bordulk(et(al.(2012:(191)( (
Apparent(synonyms( Black(Nailfish((Neosilurus(ater)(has(6(names:( djarlumbu( nawudbûra( wudba( nakurl( wakbah( worrorl(( Sarah(Cutfield( 28 (
High(“synonymy”( 6(names:
( (( Nailfish((Neosilurus(ater)( 4(names: ( (( Death(adder((Acanthophis(praelongus)( Left]hand(Kangaroo((Onychogalea(unguifera)( Delicate(Mouse,(Planigale,(Dunnart( 3(names:( 23(species(including(shrubs,(trees,(insects,(hunting( birds,(snakes,(goannas,(turtles( Sarah(Cutfield( 29 ( Synonymy:(same(set(of(denotata( Two(or(more(names(used(to(refer(to(two(or( more(species((‘set(of(denotata’)( Sarah(Cutfield( 30 (
Munmun(;(Yokkoko( ( Taxon(1:(Sugarbag(Grass((Alloteropsis(semialata)( Taxon(2:(Kangaroo(Grass((Chrysopogon(fallax)(
Used(to(eat(native(honey(with(
Used(as(tinder(when(starting(fires(
Used(to(flavour(kangaroo(and(emu(meat(
Eaten(by(kangaroos(and(wallabies(( Sarah(Cutfield( 31 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 32 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 33 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 34 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 35 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 36 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Fish%poisons Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 37 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Fish%poisons Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak Resemblance Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 38 (
Partially]overlapping(synonyms( Wattle
Acacia(nuperrima Manjarr Wattle
Acacia(wickhamii Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Manjarr Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Ngel Itchy(Tree Barringtonia(acutangula Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Barnanak White(Turkey(Bush Calytrix(brownii,(C.(achaeta,( Verticordia(cunninghamii Bandal Sarah(Cutfield( 39 (
Conclusions( Polysemy(vs.(Monosemy( Synonymy(
Consequences(for(polysemy/multiple(denotata( More(fieldwork(planned!(( Sarah(Cutfield( 40
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