DAY 6
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-17, which are based on Reading
Passage 3.
The Work of Caravaggio
A
Every once in a while, a controversy takes the art world by storm. One such example is
the case of a painting of a group of three men playing cards, which may or may not be by
the Italian painter Caravaggio (1571 to 1610) and which has been at the centre of a case at
the High Court in London. The painting was owned by
one Mr Lancelot William
Thwaytes.who, back in 2006, sold the painting through the London auction house
Sotheby's for
£42,000 The painting was bought on behalf of the art collector and
Caravaggio expert Sir Denis Mahon. After carrying out extensive research into and
restoration of the painting, Sir Denis announced that the painting was in fact an original
Caravaggio. It has since been valued
at £10 million. Mr Thwaytes proceded to sue the
auctioneers for professional negligence arguing that they should have consulted more
experts
when assessing the painting, and advised him of its potential value. Had they done
so, he insists, he could have sold the painting for millions,
B
Authenticating a work of art is often difficult, especially when it is, as
in this case, several
hundred years old, and at least one tool for the expert, namely records of all prior owners
are limited or non-existent. In some cases, these records can be traced right back to the
artist himself, but this is rare. Most judges, at least in the English-speaking world, are
reluctant to rule on whether an artwork should or
should not be attributed
1
to a particular
artist, as this question lies outside their field of expertise.
C
In civil legal cases, when a decision is challenged in court, a judge must decide if the
experts are right or wrong. The standard of proof is
‘more likely than not', or ‘on the
balance of probabilities
’. And yet, in the art world, the degree of proof required is more
similar to that needed in criminal trials, which require
‘proof beyond all reasonable doubt’.
No one would pay full price for a painting that was more-likely-than-not, on-the-balance-of-
probabilities, by the legendary artist Picasso.
D
An additional difficulty in attributing a work to a particular artist arises
when the artist had
a studio, where pupils may have been engaged to make copies of works by the master
himself. This was the case with artists such as Guido Rent, but not with Caravaggio, Some
artists are
known to have made copies, or
‘autograph replicas’ of their own works. The
majority of Caravaggio scholars are not of the opinion that Caravaggio himself painted
copies of his own works. However, Sir Denis Mahon, the new owner claimed that this was
precisely what Caravaggio had done in this case, and that this was an autograph replica of
the Caravaggio painting
The Cardsharps
2
, which is on display
in the Kimbell Art Museum,
in Fort Worth, Texas, USA, and depicts a very similar scene.
E
Sotheby's contends that any resemblances between
The Cardsharps
and the painting it
sold on behalf of Mr Thwaytes are insufficient to attribute the latter as genuine Caravaggio
It presented to the court a record of about 30 versions of the card game scene which had
changed hands at auction, none of which were described as being by Caravaggio. An