GLOSSARY
abaxial
of the side or surface of an organ, facing away from the axis. cf. adaxial
achene
a dry indehiscent 1-seeded fruit, from an either superior or inferior ovary of 1
carpel, with the seed not fused to the fruit wall; eg as in Ranunculaceae (from a
superior ovary) and Asteraceae (from an inferior ovary and usually topped by the
pappus and sometimes called a cypsela)
acrocarpous
with the sporophyte produced at the end of the stem or main branch.
acuminate
tapering gradually to a protracted point
acute
terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges separated
by an angle less than 90 degrees
adaxial
of the side or surface of an organ, facing towards the axis. cf. abaxial
adnate
fused to an organ of a different kind, eg. applied to a stamen fused to a petal
alar cells
with reference to mosses, cells at the base angle of a leaf, often distinctive in
shape, size and colour
alternate
of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different heights on the axis; of
floral parts, on a different radius, eg describing the position of stamens with
respect to petals
annual
a plant whose life span ends within one year after germination
anterior
of floral organs, on the side of the flower farthest from the axis or toward the
subtending (enclosing) bract. cf. posterior.
anthesis
the time of opening of a flower
appendage
a structure arising from the surface or extending beyond the tip of another
structure
appressed
pressed closely against but not united with
ascending
growing erect after an oblique or semi-horizontal beginning
attenuate tapering
gradually
auricle
an ear-shaped appendage at the base of a leaf, leaflet or corolla lobe. adj.
auriculate
auriculate see
auricle
awn
a bristle-like appendage, eg on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass floret
axil
the angle between a leaf or bract and the axis bearing it. adj. axillary
axillary see
axil
axis
a stem, commonly used for the main stem of a whole plant or of an inflorescence
basal
at the base; attached or grouped at the base, eg. of leaves in a rosette; of
placentation, with the placenta at the base of the ovary
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barbate
bearded, having tufts of hairs
beak
a prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit
berry
a fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seed(s) embedded in the fleshy tissue
of the pericarp
bipinnatisect
twice pinnately divided, lobes almost to base or midribs
bisexual
with both stamens and carpels present and functional on a flower. cf. unisexual
bract
a leaf-like structure, different in form from the foliage leaves and without an
axillary bud, associated with an inflorescence or flower
bracteole
a small bract-like structure borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx of a
flower
caducous
falling off early. cf. persistent
calli in
Dampiera small outgrowths in the throat of the corolla (acting as tactile guides
for pollinators)
callus
a protruding mass of hardened tissue, often formed after an injury but sometimes
a regular feature of the plant, eg. on the labellum of some orchids and the axis of
the spikelet of some grasses
calyx
the sepals of one flower collectively
calyx-tube
a tube formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals. cf. hypanthium
campanulate bell-shaped
capitulum
a racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers compacted on a flattened and
expanded, or rounded apex of a peduncle. pl capitula
capsule
a dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to
release the seeds
cheridium
a sleeve like structure in Calytrix made up of persistent bracteoles on an
extended peduncle and connate to it
cilia
in unicellular plants, gametes, spores etc, minute hair-like protoplasmic
protrusions whose movement confers motility on the cell; in higher plants, hairs
more or less confined to the margins of an organ. sing. cilium; adj. ciliate
ciliate see
cilia
clavate club-shaped
claw
a narrow, stalk-like basal portion of a petal, sepal or bract
cleistocarpus
without an operculum and therefore not regularly dehiscent
clonal see
clone
clone
a set of organisms produced from one parent by vegetative reproduction. adj.
clonal
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column
a structure in Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Stylidiaceae, extending above the
ovary of a flower and incorporating stigma, style and stamens
compressed
flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the front and back closer
together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together)
compound
of a leaf, having the blade divided into two or more distinct leaflets; of an
inflorescence, made up of an aggregate of smaller inflorescences
cone
(loosely) in Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and
bracteoles associated with the flowers
conflorescence
a compound inflorescence consisting of two or more unit inflorescences
connate
fused to another organ (or other organs) of the same kind
connivent
coming into contact; converging
cordate
of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the base; heart-shaped
corolla
the petals of a flower collectively
corona
a ring of tissue arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing
between the perianth lobes and the stamens
corymb
a racemose inflorescence in which the pedicels of the lower flowers are longer
than those of the flowers above, bringing all flowers to about the same level
costa
with reference to mosses, the rib or nerve of a leaf, single or double
crenate
with small, rounded teeth; scalloped
crenulate minutely
scalloped
crown
the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch
culm
an aerial stem, in grasses, sedges, rushes, etc., bearing the inflorescence
cuneate wedge-shaped
cymbiform
concave and boat shaped
cyme
an inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing
axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it. adj. cymose
cymose see
cyme
deciduous
falling seasonally, eg of the leaves or bark of some trees
decumbent
spreading horizontally but then growing upwards
decussate
in pairs, with successive pairs borne at right angles to each other
dehiscent
breaking open at maturity to release the contents
dentate toothed
denticulate finely
toothed
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deltoid
triangular with the sides of about equal length
digitate
branching from the axis or stalk like the fingers of a hand
dimorphic
of two different forms
dioecious
having the male and female reproductive structures on separate plants. cf.
monoecious
disc
a plate or rim of tissue, derived from the receptacle of a flower, occurring
between whorls of floral parts
discolorous
having 2 colours, eg. upper and lower surfaces of a leaf being of different
colours
divaricate widely
spreading
dorsal
when referring to thallous liverworts, the upper surface, facing away from the
substrate
dorsifixed
attached at or by the back
edaphic
pertaining to the soil
elliptic
oval in outline, widest at the centre
emarginate
having a broad, shallow notch at the apex
emergent
rising above the surrounding plants
endemic
having a natural distribution confined to a particular geographical region
endocarp
the innermost layer of a pericarp
entire
having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed
ephemeral short-lived
erect upright,
perpendicular
erose
margin irregularly incised, appearing eroded, gnawed or irregularly toothed
exocarp
the outer layer of a pericarp
exserted
protruding, eg of stamens with respect to a corolla tube
falcate sickle-shaped
family
a group of one to many genera believed to be related phylogenetically, usually
clearly separable from other such groups
fascicle
a cluster, adj. fasciculate
filament
the stalk of a stamen; a thread one or more cells thick; in blue-green Algae, a
trichome enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath
filiform thread-like
flabelliform fan
shaped
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floral
belonging to or associated with a flower
floret
a grass flower, together with the lemma and palea that enclose it (often applied to
flowers in Cyperaceae and Asteraceae)
fimbriate fringed
follicle
a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of
fusion of its edges
free
not fused or united (with other organs)
fruit
the seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after flowering
gemmae
specialised units of vegetative reproduction; morphologically distinct
propogules, not casual fragments
genus
a group of species believed to be related phylogenetically and usually clearly
separable from other such groups, or a single species without close relatives. pl.
genera
glabrescent becoming
glabrous
glabrous without
hairs
gland
a structure, without or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function
glandular
bearing glands; functioning as a gland
glaucous
blue-green in colour, with a whitish bloom (as in the juvenile leaves of many
eucalypts)
globular
3 dimensional shape; spherical or orbicular; approximately circular in cross
section
glume
one of the two bracts at the base of the grass spikelet; in sedges and rushes refers
to the very small bracts of the spikelet in which each flower is subtended by a
floral glume, and in which there are often several empty glumes in a spikelet
habit
the growth form of a plant, comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation
habitat
the environment in which a plant lives
herb
any vascular plant that never produces a woody stem
herbaceous
not woody; soft in texture
hermaphrodite bisexual
hirsute
bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs
hoary
covered with a greyish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs
hyaline
translucent, almost like clear glass
hypanthium
the part of the flower enveloping an ovary and formed by the fusion of the calyx
tube, corolla tube and sometimes stamen filaments and receptacle; also referred
to as calyx tube, floral tube or perigynium
283
hypogenous
borne below the ovary; used to describe the flower structure when the ovary is
superior and as such the floral whorls and stamens are inserted below the ovary
hypogenous bristle
in Cyperaceae, petals and sepals often when present have been reduced to
bristle like appendages
imbricate
of perianth parts, having the edges overlapping in the bud
included
enclosed, not protruding, cf. exserted
incurved
bent or curved inwards or upwards; of leaf margins, curved towards the adaxial
surface
indehiscent
not breaking open at maturity to release the contents
indusium
the pollen-cup of Goodeniaceae; tissue covering the sorus of a fern
inferior
of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other floral parts.
cf. superior
inflexed
bent sharply upwards or forwards
inflorescence
the group or arrangement in which flowers are borne on a plant
intercalary
not involving the stem apex; intercalary branches of liverworts are secondary
laterals, not terminal, revealed by a tiny collar of cells where they have pushed
through the cortex
internode
the portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive leaves or
leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence)
involucral see
involucre
involucre
large bract or whorl (or several whorls) of bracts surrounding a flower or an
inflorescence. adj. involucral
juvenile
of leaves, formed on a young plant and different in form from the adult leaves
keel
a ridge like the keel of a boat; in particular, a boat-shaped structure formed by
fusion of the two anterior petals of a flower in Fabaceae
keeled
of leaves or bracts, folded and ridged along the midrib
labellum
a lip; in Orchidaceae, the distinctive median petal that serves as an alighting
platform for pollinating insects
lamina
the blade of a leaf
lanceolate
of a leaf, about four times as long as it is broad, broadest in the lower half and
tapering towards the tip
leaflet
one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf
lemma
the lower of two bracts enclosing a grass floret; male lemma - lemma enclosing a
male flower; sterile lemma - an empty lemma. cf. palea
lignotuber
a woody swelling below or just above the ground, containing adventitious buds
from which new shoots develop if the top of the plant is cut or burnt (common in
the shrubby eucalypts and in many other fire-tolerant Australian shrubs)
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ligulate
bearing a ligule; strap-shaped
limb
the upper free, spreading portion of a corolla or perianth that is connate at the
base
linear
very narrow in relation to the length, and with the sides parallel
lobe
a usually rounded or pointed projecting part, usually one of two or more, each
separated by a fissure or a sinus
mallee
a growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber
(usually applied to shrubby eucalypts); a plant having the above growth habit
marginal
occurring at or very close to the margin
mericarp
a one seeded portion of an initially syncarpous fruit which splits apart at maturity
- merous
used with a number prefix to denote the basic number of the 3 outer floral whorls
membranous
thin and translucent
midrib
the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ
monocarpic
flowering and fruiting only once during its life span
monoecious
having the male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the
same plant. cf. dioecious
mucro
a sharp, abrupt terminal point. adj. mucronate
mucronate see
mucro
mucronulate with
very
small
mucro
nectary
a gland that secretes nectar
nerve a
vein
node
the level (transverse plane) of a stem at which one or more leaves arise
obcordate
of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the
pointed end
oblanceolate
similar in shape to lanceolate but attached at the narrower end
oblong
having the length greater than the width but no many times greater, and the sides
parallel
obovate
similar in shape to ovate but attached at the narrower end
obtuse
blunt or rounded at the apex, the converging edges separated by an angle greater
than 90 degrees
operculum
a lid or cover becoming detached at maturity by abscission; in Eucalyptus (for
example), a cap covering the bud and formed by fusion or cohesion of perianth
parts
opposite
of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral
parts, on the same radius. cf. alternate
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orbicular
circular or nearly so
ovate
shaped like a section through the long axis of an egg, and attached by the wider
end
ovoid
3 dimensional shape ovate in cross section
palea
the upper of the two bracts of a grass floret. cf. lemma
panicle
a compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are
borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these
paniculate
indeterminate and much branched
papilla
a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension
of one epidermal cell. adj. papillose
papillose see
papilla
pappus
a tuft (or ring) of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla in
Asteraceae and possibly representing the calyx; a tuft of hairs on a fruit
-partite
divided, almost to the base, into segments (commonly applied to a style)
patent
spreading, diverging from the axis at almost right angles
pedicel
the stalk of a flower. adj. pedicellate
pedicellate see
pedicel
peduncle
the stalk of an inflorescence; in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp. adj. pedunculate
pedunculate see
peduncle
pendulous
drooping, hanging downwards
perennial
a plant whose life span extends over more than two growing seasons
perianth
the calyx and corolla of a flower, especially where the two are similar
pericarp
wall of a fruit developed from the ovary wall
persistent
remaining attached, not falling off. cf. caducous
petal
a member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of
a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously
petiole
the stalk portion of a leaf
petiolate having
a
petiole
pilose
hairy, the hairs soft and clearly separated but not sparse
pinnate
divided into pinnae; once-compound. cf. bipinnate
pinnatifid
cut deeply into lobes that are spaced out along the axis (of the leaf). cf.
palmatifid
pinnatisect
dissected down to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it
286
pistil
a free carpel or a group of fused carpels
plicate
having a longitudinal fold or ridge; or folded back and forth longitudinally like a
fan
plumose
like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis
pod
a leguminous fruit
pollination
the transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive
region of a female organ, eg from anther to stigma
posterior
toward the axis, away from the subtending bract. cf. anterior
procumbent
trailing or spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes
prostrate
lying flat on the ground
puberulous
covered with minute, soft, erect hairs
pubescent
covered with short, soft, erect hairs
pungent
ending in a stiff, sharp point; having an acrid taste or smell
pyrene
the stone or pit of a drupe consisting of the hardened endocarp and seed
raceme
an indeterminate inflorescence in which a main axis produced a series of flowers
on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. adj. racemose
rachis
the axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; pl. rachises. Secondary rachis: the
axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf
ray
of a compound umbel, one of the first (lower) series of branches of the
inflorescence axis
receptacle
the axis of a flower (= torus); in ferns, an axis on which sporangia arise
recurved
curved or curled downwards or backwards
reflexed
bent sharply downwards or backwards
reticulate
forming a network
retrorse
directed backwards or downwards. cf. antrorse
revolute
rolled downwards or backwards
rhizomatous see
rhizome
rhizome
a creeping stem, usually below ground, consisting of a series of nodes and
internodes with adventitious roots. adj. rhizomatous
rhomboid
quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse. adj. rhomboidal
rib
a distinct vein or linear marking often raised as a linear ridge
rosette
tuft of leaves or other organs resembling the arrangement of the petals in a rose
rugose deeply
wrinkled
287
saccate pouched
scabrous
rough to the touch
scale
a reduced or rudimentary leaf
scape
the stem-like, flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves
scarious
dry and membranous
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