Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown.
Management Requirements
Relocate the Bridgetown population and survey.
Survey suitable sites in the Region for possible new populations.
Research Requirements
Determine susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
References
Bentham (1878); Rye (1987a); Wilson (1993)
64
Carex tereticaulis
65
Cryptandra arbutiflora Fenzl var. pygmaea Rye
RHAMNACEAE
WAR F4/60
Cryptandra arbutiflora was first collected by Ernie Wittwer in 1975 from a locality stated as
being ‘...Muir Highway, 20 km E of Manjimup’ and was subsequently recollected by Tony Annels in
Talling near Lake Muir in 1990. Searches in the Nyamup area (20 km E of Manjimup) have failed to
relocate the original collecting site, and no habitat resembling sites where it has been found, has been
located in that area. It is possible that the distance was estimated in miles (noting the timing of the
collection was during the period of metrication of Australia), and then converted to kilometres, but the
reverse conversion used accidentally. Converting twice in reverse would put the Wittwer population
very close to the Talling population. The differences could be explained by whether the distance was
read off a map or off an odometer, and whether the chosen point of reference for Manjimup was, for
example, the Post Office, the intersection of Muir Highway and South West Highway, or the edge of
town. It may well be that both collections were from the same place.
Description
Cryptandra arbutiflora is a low spreading shrub to 20+ cm high with shortly petiolate (0.6-0.8 mm),
linear to narrow oblong, glabrous leaves 3-6 mm long, 0.6-2 mm wide. Flowers are white and
crowded in leafy spikelets. Each flower is sessile to shortly petiolate with a floral tube about 1 mm
long enlarging to 2 mm when in fruit.
The var. pygmaea differs from other varieties of Cryptandra arbutiflora in the Region in having a
very short flower tube (var. tubulosa about 2-3 mm; var. arbutiflora about 3-4 mm) and a very small
stature.
Flowering period: August-November
Distribution and Habitat
The species is known from five populations between Lake Muir, Rocky Gully and Tonebridge,
growing on shallow clay around granite outcrops in heath vegetation surrounded by Jarrah forest and
on the margins of a wetland under Eucalyptus decipiens woodland. The area surrounding Lake Muir is
intended to become part of the Perup-Lake Muir Nature Reserve Complex and populations within this
area are not considered to be under threat.
Conservation Status
Current: Priority 1
Recommended: Priority 2
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land
status
No. of
plants
Last survey
Comments/condition
CLM 1a
Talling (swamp) DON SF
(NP) 220
4/12/1995
CLM 1b
Talling (Granite) DON SF
(NP)
50
4/12/1995
WAR 101
Rocky Gully
DON
-
na
9/9/1995
Relocate
WAR 102
Galamup NR
DON
NR
na
23/10/1997
WAR 103
Tonebridge
DON -
na
5/9/1995
Relocate
Response to Disturbance
Response to fire is unknown.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown.
Response to change in soil moisture is unknown.
Response to weed invasion is unknown.
Response to change in canopy is unknown.
Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown.
66
Management Requirements
Monitor periodically with specific emphasis on assessing response to disturbance.
Search for further populations in areas of suitable habitat.
Research Requirements
Determine susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
Study the variety’s response to fire to determine if it is a resprouter or seed obligate and, following
germination, determine the length of time before flowering and first seed set.
Determine the variety’s response to other disturbance.
References
Rye (1995a)
Cryptandra abutiflora var. pygmaea
67
Deyeuxia inaequalis Vickery
POACEAE
WAR F4/197
Deyeuxia inaequalis was described in 1940 by Joyce Vickery, from a specimen collected near the
Warren River (Arnott’s near Manjimp) by W.M. Carne in 1923. The species was relocated near
Manjimup by Tony Annels in 1988.
Description
Deyeuxia inaequalis is an annual or perennial grass to 70 cm with linear leaves 50-150 mm long by 1-
5 mm wide. The ligule is membranous, 3-5 mm long, torn at tip, tufted, hairless. The inflorescence is
dense, cylindric and spike-like. Spikelets are 5-6 mm long, green, stalked, compressed, each with a
single bisexual floret. Glumes are in pairs, 5-6 mm long, spreading, narrowly ovate, unequal, the
lower glume a little longer, pointed, 1-ribbed with a rough keel. The lemma body is approx 2.5 cm
long, firm and hardening at maturity, narrowly ovate to ovate, rough, 3-5-ribbed, the tip minutely 4-
toothed, with a bent and twisted dorsal awn arising from near the base. The awn is 3.5-4.5 mm long.
The floret base has silky hairs. The palea is approximately 2.5 mm long, almost equal to the lemma, 2-
ribbed, 2-keeled and two-toothed.
The species differs from Deyeuxia quadriseta in its slightly longer glumes with the lemma more or
less half the length of the lower glume.
Flowering period: December
Distribution and Habitat
The species is currently known from two collections near Manjimup. There are old records from the
Warren and Donnelly rivers, but these have not been relocated. Plants are found in sandy loams on
slopes.
Conservation Status
The Manjimup population is under threat from major weed invasion.
Current: Priority 1
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land
status
No. of
plants
Last survey
Comments/condition
WAR 100
Manjimup (Warren
River)
DON Other
Res
na 8/12/1994
WAR 101
Lindsay FB
DON SF na 2/12/1988
Response to Disturbance
Response to fire is unknown.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown.
Response to change in soil moisture is unknown.
Response to weed invasion is unknown.
Response to change canopy is unknown.
Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown, but probably not susceptible given that the related Deyeuxia drummondii is resistant to
Phytophthora.
Management Requirements
Resurvey known populations.
Monitor populations periodically, with specific regard to assessing response to disturbance.
68
Search for further populations in suitable habitat.
Research Requirements
Investigate susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
Determine response to disturbance.
Determine life history i.e. Annual or perennial, how does it regenerate etc.
References
Wheeler (2001); Vickery (1940)
Deyeuxia inaequalis
69
Eriochilus scaber Lindley subsp. orbifolia Hopper & A.P. Br. ms
ORCHIDACEAE
Round-leafed Bunny Orchid
WAR F4/104
Eriochilus scaber subsp. orbifolia was first collected by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown in the
Winter of 1989 following a Summer fire near Walpole. It was then not seen again until 1994 when
Bill Jackson relocated it in the same area, again following a fire. It will be formally described by S.
Hopper and A. Brown in a forthcoming edition of Nuytsia.
Description
Round-leafed Bunny Orchid is a small herb to 10 cm tall with a single orbicular basal leaf, 3-20 mm
long and one to three pale pink and white flowers. The leaf on non-flowering plants is evenly hirsute,
discolorous, the upper surface dark green with five white longitudinal stripes. The margins and lower
surface are red/dark maroon. The leaf of flowering plants is concolourus, yellowish green and
glabrous with the lamina cupped around scape and similar in size to those on non-flowering plants, 8-
20 mm long by 10-15 mm wide. The scape is wiry uniformly green, sparsely hirsute.
The leaves of non-flowering plants are darker green, hirsute and more prominently veined than those
on flowering plants. This dimorphism in leaves of non-flowering and flowering plants is the most
striking of any south-western orchid.
Eriochilus scaber subsp. orbifolia differs from the subsp. scaber in its orbicular leaf, held flat on the
ground, with a creamy green petiole, 1-3 mm above ground, rather than a narrowly ovate to ovate leaf,
with a dark maroon or creamy green petiole, 2-12 mm above ground.
Eriochilus scaber differs from E. tenuis in its shorter hirsute scapes usually less than 10 cm tall, its
leaf on non-flowering plants striped above and red beneath, and its earlier flowering from July-
August.
Flowering period: July-August
Distribution and Habitat
Known from two populations south-west of Crystal Springs, growing in moist, sandy soil in swales
between consolidated sand dunes.
Conservation Status
Current: Priority 1
Recommended: Priority 2
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land
status
No. of
plants
Last
survey
Comments/condition
CLM 1
Long Point Road
FRA
NP
na
3/8/1998
CLM 2a
Crystal Springs 1
FRA
NP
200
6/8/1994
CLM 2b
Crystal Springs 2
FRA NP
50
12/8/1994
Response to Disturbance
Plants are killed by fire when above ground parts are in active growth (April to October). Plants
flower in the winter following a hot summer fire.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown.
Response to change in soil moisture is unknown. However, as the subspecies occurs in winter moist
flats, the drying out of these areas is likely to have a negative affect.
Response to weed invasion is unknown.
Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown.
Management Requirements
70
Resurvey and monitor populations periodically, particularly following summer fire.
Search for further populations in areas of suitable habitat
Avoid late autumn, winter and early spring burning of populations.
Research Requirements
Determine susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
Liaise with Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority staff over seed and mycelium collection and storage.
References
Hoffman and Brown (1992, 1998); Hopper and Brown (in press)
Eriochilus scaber subsp. orbifolia ms
71
Eryngium sp. Lake Muir (E. Wittwer 2293)
APIACEAE
WAR F4/166
Although originally placed with the eastern Eryngium vesiculosum this species has now been
confirmed as a uniquely Western Australian taxon. It was, until relocated by Greg Keighery and Neil
Gibson in 1997, known from a single collection made by Wittwer in 1980. Subsequently, two
additional populations have been located.
Description
Eryngium sp. Lake Muir is a perennial near-prostrate herb to 150 mm with small leaves 100-150 mm
long by 3-4 mm wide, each pinnatisect (three lobed), with lobes entire, terminating in sharp spines.
The inflorescence is an ovoid to globular head-like umbel, 5-12 mm long by 5-8 mm wide, excluding
the inner and outer bracts. Flowers are sessile, bisexual, pale green. The six to ten outer bracts are pale
green, narrowly ovate, 3-18 mm long by 1-1.5 mm wide. The pungent inner bracts are similar but
smaller.
The species resembles a small thistle, with spiny bracts and flowers in globular heads.
Eryngium sp. Lake Muir differs from Eryngium pinnatifidum in its narrower three lobed, rather than
many lobed (pinnatifid) leaf, shorter and narrower floral bracts, green flowers and smaller stature.
Flowering period: December-January
Distribution and Habitat
The species is known from the Lake Muir area, growing in winter wet saline grey clay flats, typically
with Melaleuca cuticularis and often with another priority taxon , Apodasima ceramophila ms.
Conservation Status
Current: Priority 1
Recommended: Priority 2
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land
status
No. of plants
Last survey
Comments/condition
WAR 100
Neeranup Rd.
DON
NP
1000
15/12/2003
WAR 101
Swamp Rd. 1
DON
NP
50
15/12/2003
WAR 102
Swamp Rd. 2
DON NP 1000
15/12/2003
Response to Disturbance
Response to fire is unknown.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown.
Response to change in soil moisture is unknown.
Response to weed invasion is unknown.
Response to change canopy is unknown.
Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown.
Management Requirements
Conduct surveys in the Lake Muir/Unicup/Frankland area to determine the conservation status of the
species.
Obtain seed collections for storage at CALM’s Threatened Flora Seed Centre.
Research Requirements
Investigate the species’ response to disturbances and susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
72
References
None
Eyrngium sp. Lake Muir
73
Hydatella australis Diels
HYDATELLACEAE
WAR F4/142
Hydatella australis was first collected in the Warren region in 1994 during fieldwork for this program.
At that time it was placed with H. sessilis ms before returning to H. australis. Although searched for
widely across the Region it has only been found in three locations.
Description
Hydatella australis is a tufted, annual, monoecious, emergent semiaquatic moss-like herb that grows
in a reddish sward to 10 mm tall. Older plants have up to forty leaves, each filiform, terete to 13 mm
long. Flowers develop in a sessile/sub-sessile or very short (to 1 mm) capitula that contains either
male or female flowers. Fruit is smooth, hyaline.
Some Trithuria species that are common in swamps in the area are also of a similar height and grow
as reddish moss like swards, but differ in having male and female flowers on the same inflorescence
and three ribbed fruit.
Flowering period: September-November
Distribution and Habitat
The species is known from one extant population in the Warren Region, growing in a winter wet
swamp in black clay, germinating and developing as the surface water recedes.
Conservation Status
Current: Priority 1
Recommended: Priority 2
Despite searching similar sites close to the known population and other suitable habitat widely across
the region over two years, no further populations have been located.
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land
status
No. of
plants
Last
survey
Comments/condition
WAR 100
Perup NR
DON
NR
10,000+
11/10/1994
WAR 101
Yarnup NR
DON
NR
<100
10/1999
WAR 102
Kodjinup NR
DON NR <500 10/1999
Response to Disturbance
The species is unlikely to be affected by fire in its known habitat.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown, but the fragile nature of the habitat and the plants life cycle
would indicate that any mechanical or other disturbance that changes the floor of the lake could be
deleterious to the species. Field observation indicates the species germinates and completes its life
cycle in the period between the presence of shallow water over its habitat and drying out in early
summer. Changes to this regime could be deleterious to the species. Further clearing in the catchment
may result in the creation of a permanent water body (a situation common in the area) and loss of the
species. Drainage for salinity management could also be deleterious to the species.
Response to weed invasion is unknown, but is probably deleterious to the species.
Susceptibility to Phytophthora Dieback
Unknown.
Management Requirements
Monitor disturbance in the area of populations, particularly for impacts of works on road shoulders
above lake and, possible impacts of table drain overflow and erosion into the lake. Liaise with the
Local Authority as required to protect the population from siltation.
Search for further populations in areas of suitable habitat across the Region.
74
Research Requirements
Determine susceptibility to Phytophthora spp.
Investigate response to disturbance.
References
Gibson and Keighery (2000)
Hydatella australis
75
Pentapogon quadrifidus (Labill.) Baill. var. quadrifidus
POACEAE
WAR F4/205
Pentapogon quadrifidus is a monotypic species that is endemic to Australia. It was originally placed
in the genus Agrostis and named A. quadrifida by Labillaridiere in 1805 from his collection “in capite
Van-Diemen”. It was then moved into the genus Pentapogon and submerged into P. billardieri by
Robert Brown in 1810 and was split into two varieties ( billardieri and parviflorus) by Bentham in
1878. It was moved into Stipa by Mueller in 1873 under several named forms and was finally
reinstated as a species of Pentapogon by Baillon in 1893. Bentham’s var. parviflorus was reinstated
by Morris in 1990. Pentapogon quadrifidus, which is known from several other Australian states, was
discovered in WA by Terry Macfarlane, Rod Annels and Roger Hearn when investigating a site for
other species in this program.
Description
Pentapogon quadrifidus is a loosely tufted annual or short-lived perennial to 0.7 m high. The leaf
sheath encloses the culm and is striate, glabrous or pubescent with hairs about 0.5 mm long. The
ligule is membranous, 1-2 mm long and subulate while the blade is tightly rolled, pilose with hairs to
1 mm long with the flag usually glabrous. The inflorescence is a compact dense much branched
panicle 3-15 cm long by up to 2.5 cm wide, exserted or enclosed in uppermost sheath with branches
scabrous. Spikelets are narrow, gaping when mature, of 1 bisexual floret, disarticulating above the
glumes. The rachis is scabrous. Glumes are unequal, lower 5-9 mm long, upper 6-10 mm long, keeled,
aristate, with 2-4 short lateral nerves, margins membranous, glabrous, keel scabrous. The lemma is
narrow, shorter than lower glume, 4-7 mm long, glabrous, 2-lobed, each lobe with 2 short slender
curved slightly flattened, single nerved awns 3-4 mm long. The awn from the sinus is stout, twisted,
geniculate, curved, 1.5-2.5 cm long, callus bearded with hairs about 1 mm long. The palea are
awnless, glabrous.
The var. parviflorus is not recorded in Western Australia and differs in the outer glumes being less
than 4 mm long.
It is possible that the Western Australian collections are a new variety or species. Key characters of
this taxon, and those of Eastern States collections and descriptions that were not available at the time
of preparing this report, need to be compared.
Flowering period: Spring to summer
Distribution and Habitat
The species is known from South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania with one
population in Western Australia near Rocky Gully. Plants grow in winter wet low open woodlands.
Conservation Status
Current: Priority 1
Known Populations in the Warren Region
Pop. No.
Location
District
Land status
No. of
plants
Last survey
Comments /
condition
CLM1 Rocky
Gully
FRA WR
1000 23/11/1995
Response to Disturbance
Response to fire is unknown.
Response to soil disturbance is unknown.
Response to change in soil moisture is unknown.
Response to weed invasion is unknown.
Response to changes in canopy cover is unknown.
76
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