Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region
Figure A - 1: SILO vs recorded rainfall correlation
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Geology and hydrogeology
- Hydrology Surface Water
- Ecology Land systems
- Rare and Threatened Species and Communities
Figure A - 1: SILO vs recorded rainfall correlation Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region Status: Final September 2015 Project No.: 83501069 Our ref: FM-EcoConcept_v8.docx Geology and hydrogeology Considerable information is generally available for the description of the geology, structure, hydrostratigraphy, regional water levels and hydraulic parameters in the northern portion of the study area, including the Chichester Range and northern reaches of the Fortescue Valley. A number of publications have been identified that contain valuable inputs for development of a conceptualisation for the study area. Locations of bores used to provide valuable hydrogeologic information for the area are presented in Map A-02. The following documents provide relatively detailed and relevant information for the northern portion of the study area: 1:250,000 Roy Hill (SF50-12) and Balfour Downs (SF51-9) geological map sheets (Geological Survey of Western Australia); Hydrogeological Assessment for the Christmas Creek Water Management Scheme; FMG, October 2010; Hydrogeology Report for the Cloudbreak Public Environmental Review (PER); FMG, 2005; Stage 1 Public Environmental Review; HPPL Roy Hill, 2009. Spatial coverage of data associated with Christmas Creek and Cloudbreak mine sites north of the Fortescue Marsh extends from the centreline of the Marsh to the interpreted surface water and groundwater divide within the Jeerinah Formation outcrops along the ridgeline of the Chichester Range. Hydraulic parameter data provided in the Christmas Creek hydrogeological report is based on testing of up to 25 bores completed in different stratigraphic units. The following documents provide relevant information on geology and hydrogeology on the southern portion of the study area: Iron Ore Direct Shipping Ore Project – Referral and Supporting Information, FMG, 2012; Marillana Iron Ore Project – PER document, Brockman Resources, 2010; Koodaideri Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Report, Rio Tinto, 2013; Hydrogeological Investigation, BHP Billiton Iron Ore Marillana Iron Ore Project, BHP Billiton Iron Ore, 2012; and 1:250,000 Newman (SF50-10) and Robertson (SF51-13) geological map sheets (Geological Survey of Western Australia). Spatial data coverage associated with project sites in the southern portion of the study area generally extends from the northern flanks of the Hamersley Range to the Munjina Roy Hill Road in the Fortescue Valley. The FMG (2012) report provides hydraulic parameter data derived from testing of a ne twork of production and monitoring bores completed in different stratigraphic units within the Nyidinghu project area, which partly extends to the Fortescue Marsh. Water level contour maps are also presented and are based on data from monitoring bores within the Nyidinghu project area as well as a number of regional station bores within the Nyidinghu project area. The recent Koodaideri report (Rio Tinto, 2013) includes preliminary drilling data (bore locations, water quality data) from site characterisation activities as well as surface and groundwater chemistry data within the Koodaideri Spring catchment. In addition to descriptions of geology and hydrogeology in the above cited reports, stratigraphic bore logs have been collated from various sources and were used to create or update geological cross-sections along several transects across the study area. Data gaps in the spatial bore data are apparent, and these are discussed in more detail in Section 6. Water level records were used to update water level contour maps. The current spatial coverage of the bore water level database is shown in Map A-03. The level of detail and quality of the data is deemed acceptable for the intended purpose of providing informed inputs for development of a hydrogeological and ecohydrological conceptualisation. BHP Billiton Iron Ore has provided mineral resource definition geological data for the proposed mining areas – Roy Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region Status: Final September 2015 Project No.: 83501069 Our ref: FM-EcoConcept_v8.docx Hill, Mindy, Coondiner and Marillana prospects. In addition historical water bore drilling data was supp lied by BHP Billiton Iron Ore for the Newman to Port Hedland railroad. Geophysical data Available geophysical data includes airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey data reported in the Christmas Creek hydrogeological report (FMG, 2010) for assessment of spatial distribution of groundwater salinity at the watertable (Map 3-06). Spatial coverage included some 800 km 2 extending from the northern boundary of the Fortescue Marsh to the northern limit of saturated ore at Christmas Creek (which roughly coincides with the northern boundary of the study area), and from Christmas Creek in the east to Cloudbreak in the west. A TEM survey was also performed over the Cloudbreak mine area. Airborne magnetics and airborne TEM surveys were also completed for the Roy Hill project to the west- northwest of the Marsh. The spatial coverage of the survey overlaps with the eastern edge of the study area. Airborne magnetics and airborne TEM surveys were performed as part of the FMG Nyidinghu project and were used to define the extent of saline groundwater at 360m AHD (60 to 80 m below ground level at the proposed mine site) available in PER documents as shown in the data catalogue. Hydrology Surface Water Historical flow data is available for one DoW streamflow gauging statio n within the study area - Waterloo Bore. An additional four streamflow gauging stations are located within the Upper Fortescue Catchment, within the sub-catchments reporting to the study area as shown on Map 3-01. The quality of the data collected for each site varies and has therefore been used accordingly. Flow data and information, together with anecdotal evidence collated from reports as listed in the data catalogue, have supplemented the available data for these existing flow gauges and have informed our understanding of local and regional flow regimes. Groundwater Hydrochemistry data have been collated from a number of reports and data sources, and comprise the following: Bore water sample analytical results (typically major cations and anions), incl uding samples collected during test pumping; Water quality parameters (pH, EC, temperature) collected during drilling and test pumping; Interpretation of salinity from airborne magnetics and TEM data; and Creek and surface water sampling, including creek pools (billabongs) . A hydrochemical database has been created by collating data from various reports and data sources, predominantly the Brockman Resources Marillana, FMG Nyidinghu, Christmas Creek and Cloudbreak project sites, and RHIO Roy Hill and also BHP Billiton Iron Ore ’s Marillana project. Where reported, stratigraphic units or regional geologic formations within which the analytical samples were collected have been documented. Salinity contours and profiles have also been generated for the above men tioned FMG and RHIO project sites, and the Brockman Resources Marillana and BHP Billiton Iron Ore ’s Marillana projects at the southern extent of the study area. Spatial distribution of the hydrochemistry and salinity data is presented in Map 3-06 and Map A-04. Data gaps apparent in the hydrochemistry data set are centred primarily on the region to the north - northwest of BHP Billiton Iron Ore Coondiner project towards the eastern edge of the Fortescue Marsh. Published geological maps indicate several station-owned bores within this region, and additional efforts to locate any existing data from those bores are on-going. There is also limited data for the Marsh itself, reportedly due to access constraints. Limited water quality samples are available for BHP Billiton Iron Ore railroad bores. The three-dimensional element of groundwater quality data is under-represented. Most of the samples available are from a discrete interval within the bore. For ecohydrological purposes the most important samples appear to be from shallow groundwater although for mine dewatering purposes groundwater Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region Status: Final September 2015 Project No.: 83501069 Our ref: FM-EcoConcept_v8.docx quality from deeper zones is equally important. The collection of samples portrayed on maps 3 -04 and 3- 05 is sourced from the shallowest horizon where feasible so that these are mo re suitable for ecohydrological purposes. Data quality for most of the bores (as determined from ionic balance) is deemed to be acceptable (considering major cations and anions) as the majority of samples have ionic balances in the range of 5% to 10% or less. From hydrogeochemical perspective the available samples typically do not report silica concentrations which could be an important parameter for hydrogeochemical modelling of groundwater chemistry evolution that involves important rock-forming silicate minerals. Analyses of metals (where available) have been typically done after acid preservation but were not focused on determination of redox species (such as Fe III /Fe II , Mn IV /Mn II ). An additional hydrochemical dataset that also includes stable isotopes of 18 O and D has been recently published by Dogramaci and others (2012) and Skrzypek and others (2013). Ecology Land systems The study area and surrounds was jointly surveyed by the Western Australian Departments of Agriculture, Land Administration and La nd Information in the mid 1990’s, as part of a wider rangeland resource survey for the Pilbara region (Van Vreeswyk et al. 2004). This included the delineation and description of land systems, broadly defined as “areas with a recurring pattern of topograph y, soils and vegetation”. Over 100 land systems are recognised in the Pilbara region. Land system information is useful for broad scale assessment of surficial regolith characteristics (e.g. soil depth and composition), vegetation types and fauna habitat types. The land systems that occur across the study area are shown in Map 2-07. The Pilbara land system mapping was principally based on interpretation of 1:50,000 aerial photographs, supplemented with other published data (e.g. geology, vegetation and previous land and soil surveys) and relatively limited field observations (Van Vreeswyk et al. 2004). This allowed the spatial extent of each land system to be defined. Descriptive information for each land system addresses: geology; geomorphology/landform; soils; and vegetation. Within each land system a series of land units are described, including estimates of their proportional contribution to the land system spatial extent. Each unit is associated with ecological site types described according to their particular combination of topographic position, land surface, dominant plant species and vegetation formation. Van Vreeswyk et al. 2004 also grouped the land systems into 18 land surface types according to a combination of more generic landforms, soils, vegetation and drainage patterns. This provides information more suitable for regional scale assessments. Vegetation and flora Considerable descriptive information for vegetation types and flora assemblages from sites within the study area is available. This has mainly been collected in association with mining and infrastructure projects. Over the past decade most surveys have been undertaken in accordance with EPA Guidance Statement 51, which provides minimum standards for different survey types (principall y Level 1 and Level 2). The standards under which older surveys were conducted may be more variable. At a broader scale vegetation was mapped at a scale of 1:1,000,000 in the 1970’s (Beard 1975). The Beard (1975) mapping is available digitally, but in som e cases may be offset from its true position. The land system mapping of Van Vreeswyk et al. (2004) is generally considered to better depict broad vegetation type boundaries. Most survey reports include distribution maps for vegetation units and location d ata for species and vegetation communities of interest. Information relating to vegetation functional ecology (e.g., vegetation water use dynamics) is generally limited. Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region Status: Final September 2015 Project No.: 83501069 Our ref: FM-EcoConcept_v8.docx Fauna The Pilbara Biological Survey was implemented in the period 2002-2007 to provide improved knowledge about the biodiversity of the Pilbara region in Western Australia. The Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) 19 had a lead role in coordinating the implementation of the survey. Collation and interpretation of the survey data is ongoing. The field component of the Pilbara Biological Survey included sampling relating to: Terrestrial flora and fauna; Aquatic ecology; and Subterranean fauna. The locations of sampling sites are presented in Appendix B. Additional information about survey fin dings to date is published in Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78. Terrestrial fauna Considerable descriptive information for terrestrial fauna assemblages is available. This has mainly been collected in association with mining and infrastructure projects. Over the past decade most surveys were undertaken in accordance with EPA Guidance Statement 56 and associated guidance documents, which provide minimum standards for different survey types (principally Level 1 and Level 2). The standar ds under which older surveys were conducted may be more variable. Most survey reports include information on habitat types (including their spatial extent) and fauna assemblages (species distribution and abundance). Information relating to fauna ecology is generally limited, although more in-depth assessments of the behaviour and habitat requirements of species of conversation significance are provided in some cases. Aquatic fauna The Pilbara Biological Survey included work targeting aquatic ecosystems. A s ummary of wetlands sampled in the survey is provided in the follo0wing publication: Pinder AM, Halse SA, Shiel RJ and McRae JM (2010); An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78: 205 – 246. A limited number of aquatic fauna assessments have also been completed, principally in association with Rio Tinto’ Yandicoogina, Hope Downs and Koodaideri mining and infrastructu re projects. Additional unpublished data is known to have been collected by mining companies in proximity to their project sites (e.g., Rio Tinto projects interfacing with the Weeli Wolli and Marillana creek systems). BHP Billiton Iron Ore has also commissioned a compilation of surface water assets in the Central Pilbara region by Edith Cowan University (Froend et al. 2013). Subterranean fauna Data relating to subterranean fauna (stygofauna and troglofauna) in the study area has been collated from the following sources: Technical reports, including publically available baseline environmental impact assessments (EIA) and monitoring reports; Published scientific journal articles; Western Australian Museum (WAM) subterranean fauna collection database; and Depa rtment of Environment and Conservation’s (DEC) Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities (TEC’s and PEC’s) database . The data sources relate to sites located within the study area as well as from neighbouring areas that are either within, or potentially connected with, the Fortescue valley system. 19 Formerly the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) Ecohydrological Conceptualisation of the Fortescue Marsh Region Status: Final September 2015 Project No.: 83501069 Our ref: FM-EcoConcept_v8.docx Rare and Threatened Species and Communities The DPaW maintains spatial databases of: Plant and animal taxa which are threatened with extinction (Declared Rare Flora and Threatened Fauna) represented spatially by point records; Plant and animal taxa that may be rare or threatened but for which there are insufficient survey data to accurately determine their status, or are regarded as rare but are not currently threatened (Priority flora and fauna) represented spatially by point records; and Threatened and priority ecological communities (TECs and PECs respectively), represented partially by buffered polygons. Searches of DPaW databases were undertaken in July 2013 for Declared Rare Flora (DRF) and Priority Flora, Declared Rare Fauna and Priority Fauna, and TECs and PECs. Key findings are presented in Section 3.10. Additional information on Rare and Threatened Species and Communities is contained in environmental impact assessment documentation for mining and infrastructure projects. This information is generally more detailed but is confined to conservation assets in specific study areas. Types of information include targeted surveys for particular species, more intensive and/or time series sampling programs, an d impact prediction and assessment modelling. In some cases species records from these surveys may not be contained in the currently available DPaW databases. 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