Understory species canopy cover under a range of overstory canopy covers in Plant Community 1, Native Forest. “Overstory” canopy cover includes tall overstory, midstory, and tree fern layers.
Common Name
|
Scientific Name
|
Understory Species Canopy Cover as a function of Overstory Canopy Cover
|
Overstory Canopy Cover Percent
|
50
|
70
|
90
|
`ohi`a lehua (seedlings & saplings)
|
Metrosideros polymorpha
|
1
|
tr
|
0
|
kopiko (seedlings & saplings)
|
Psychotria sp.
|
5
|
1
|
1
|
pandanus (seedlings & saplings)
|
Pandanus tectorius
|
5
|
5
|
1
|

State 2 – Mixed Native/Alien Forest
This state consists of one plant community. Native ohia trees still dominate the overstory. However, alien trees, shrubs, vines, and ferns make up a large portion of the lower parts of the plant community. Alien ferns (especially scaly swordfern), melastome shrubs, and strawberry guava produce a dense layer of low vegetation that severely inhibits reproduction of native species. This brings about eventual loss of native overstory, midstory, and tree fern canopies as well as smaller plants. Most native species are still present in this plant community but are much less abundant than in the Native Forest plant community. Activity of feral pigs further reduces native plant abundance and produces bare, disturbed soil patches.
Pathways from this state
To State 1 – Native Forest, via “C&D”:
C = feral pig exclusion; D = weed control.
It is possible to restore Mixed Native/Alien Forest to a plant community resembling Native Forest. Pig-proof fence and removal of pigs is necessary. Intensive weed control must then be carried out. In some cases, this may entail removal of large amounts of weed biomass from the site.
To State 3, Alien Forest, via “A&B&E”:
A = gradual weed invasion; B = feral pig damage; E = lack of native plant reproduction.
Aggressive, fast-growing weeds inhibit reproduction of native plants and gradually replace them. This process is accelerated by feral pigs directly damaging native plants and promoting the spread of weeds by disturbing the soil and spreading weed seeds.
To State 4, Grassland, via “G&H”:
G = land clearing; H = pasture establishment.
Mixed Native/Alien Forest can be converted to Grassland by clearing the forest with heavy machinery and planting desirable pasture species. Native forest may be cleared gradually by allowing cattle access to the forest. Cattle eventually eat or destroy understory ferns, forbs, shrubs, and saplings, opening up the forest so that pasture grasses will thrive. On shallow soils over lava substrates, underlying lava rock often is ripped and crushed by heavy machinery. Ripping and crushing produces some fine mineral particles and small, abundant gaps between the rock fragments. When this is done on organic soils, about 50% of the soil organic matter may be lost in the process due to exposure to air and higher temperatures.
Scientific name
|
%Canopy cover by height class (ft)
|
Total Cover
|
Local
common name
|
NRCS
common name
|
Origin
|
Type
|
NRCS
Code
|
0.1 -
2
|
2.1 -
4.5
|
4.6 -
13
|
13.1 -
40
|
40.1 -
80
|
80.1 -
120
|
Metrosideros polymorpha
|
|
|
|
1
|
40
|
10
|
50
|
'ohi'a lehua
|
'ohi'a lehua
|
n
|
t
|
MEPO5
|
Psychotria sp.
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
20
|
|
|
20
|
kopiko
|
wild coffee
|
n
|
t
|
PSYCH
|
Pandanus tectorius
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
pandanus
|
Tahitian screwpine
|
n
|
t
|
PATE2
|
Cheirodendron trigynum
|
|
|
tr
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
olapa
|
olapalapa
|
n
|
t
|
CHTR2
|
Diospyros sandwicensis
|
|
tr
|
1
|
1
|
tr
|
|
1
|
lama
|
lama
|
n
|
t
|
DISA10
|
Cibotium glaucum
|
|
tr
|
30
|
1
|
|
|
30
|
hapu`u
|
hapu`u
|
n
|
tf
|
CIGL
|
Cibotium menziesii
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
1
|
hapu`u `i`i
|
hapu`u li
|
n
|
tf
|
CIME8
|
Falcataria moluccana
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
falcataria
|
peacocksplume
|
a
|
t
|
FAMO
|
Cecropia obtusifolia
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
trumpet tree
|
trumpet tree
|
a
|
t
|
CEOB
|
Macaranga mappa
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
|
1
|
bingabing
|
pengua
|
a
|
t
|
MAMA28
|
Melochia umbellata
|
tr
|
tr
|
1
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
melochia
|
hierba del soldado
|
a
|
t
|
MEUM3
|
Schefflera actinophylla
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
octopus tree
|
octopus tree
|
a
|
t
|
SCAC2
|
Trema orientale
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
gunpowder tree
|
oriental trema
|
a
|
t
|
TROR
|
Psidium cattleianum
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
20
|
|
|
20
|
waiawi
|
strawberry guava
|
a
|
t
|
PSCA
|
Psidium guajava
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
common guava
|
guava
|
a
|
t
|
PSGU
|
Miconia calvescens
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
|
tr
|
miconia
|
velvet tree
|
a
|
t
|
MICA20
|
Casuarina equisetifolia
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
1
|
ironwood
|
beach sheoak
|
a
|
t
|
CAEQ
|
Pipturus albidus
|
tr
|
tr
|
tr
|
|
|
|
tr
|
mamaki
|
Waimea pipturus
|
n
|
s
|
PIAL2
|
Melastoma candidum
|
1
|
10
|
20
|
|
|
|
30
|
melastoma
|
Asian melastome
|
a
|
s
|
MECA9
|
Clidemia hirta
|
1
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
Koster's curse
|
soapbush
|
a
|
s
|
CLHI3
|
Lantana camara
|
tr
|
tr
|
1
|
|
|
|
1
|
lantana
|
lantana
|
a
|
s
|
LACA2
|
Cocculus orbiculatus
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
huehue
|
queen coralbead
|
n
|
v
|
COOR11
|
Freycinetia arborea
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
`ie`ie
|
`ie`ie
|
n
|
v
|
FRAR
|
Dioscoria pentaphylla
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
pi`a
|
fiveleaf yam
|
a
|
v
|
DIPE2
|
Paederia foetida
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
paederia
|
stinkvine
|
a
|
v
|
PAFO3
|
Passiflora mollissima
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
banana poka
|
banana passionflower
|
a
|
v
|
PAMO5
|
Rubus rosifolius
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
thimbleberry
|
West Indian raspberry
|
a
|
v
|
RURO
|
Peperomia sp.
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
`ala`ala wai nui
|
peperomia
|
n
|
h
|
PEPER
|
Dissotis rotundifolia
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
pinklady
|
a
|
h
|
DIRO2
|
Asplenium nidus
|
tr
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
bird's nest fern
|
Hawai`i birdnest fern
|
n
|
f
|
ASNI
|
Adenophorus tamariscinus
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
wahini noho mauna
|
wahini noho mauna
|
n
|
f
|
ADTA
|
Dicranopteris linearis
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
uluhe
|
Old World forkedfern
|
n
|
f
|
DILI
|
Elaphoglossum crassifolium
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
stag's tongue, `ekaha
|
royal tonguefern
|
n
|
f
|
ELCR2
|
Lycopodiella cernua
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
clubmoss
|
staghorn clubmoss
|
n
|
f
|
LYCE2
|
Psilotum nudum
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
moa
|
whisk fern
|
n
|
f
|
PSNU
|
Pteris cretica
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
`oali
|
Cretan brake
|
n
|
f
|
PTCR2
|
Sphenomeris chinensis
|
tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
tr
|
pala`a
|
Chinese creepingfern
|
n
|
f
|
ODCH
|
Vandenboschia sp.
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
vandenboschia
|
vandenboschia
|
n
|
f
|
VANDE
|
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