English monophthongs and diphtongs

English monophthongs and diphtongs
The vowels in English are classified into two main groups pure vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongs
A. Monophthongs: The monophthongs are sub-classified into short vowels and long vowels.
Here is a list of English monophthongs
There are 12 monophthongs in English:

• 
  [ɪ], as in lip /lɪp/, is pronounced in the front part of the vocal tract, with the tongue half-closed to the roof of the mouth and the lips in a spread position.
  
• 
  [i:], as in sheep /ʃiːp/, is articulated in the front part of the vocal tract, with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth and the lips in a spread position.
  
• 
  [ʊ], as in cook /kʊk/, is produced in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue close to the back of the roof of the mouth and the lips in a rounded position.
  
• 
  [u:], as in fool /fuːl/, is articulated in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth and the lips in a rounded position.
  
• 
  [e], as in ten /ten/, is produced in the central part of the vocal tract, with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth and the lips in a rounded position.
  
• 
  [ɜ:], as in girl /gɜːl/, is pronounced in the central part of the vocal tract, with the tongue partly opened and the lips in an unrounded position.
  
• 
  [ə], as in among /əˈmʌŋ/, is articulated in the central part of the vocal tract, with the lips partly opened.
  
• 
  [ɔ:], as in cord /kɔːd/, is articulated in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue partly opened and the lips in a rounded position.
  
• 
  [ɑ:], as in bard /bɑːd/, is pronounced in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue completely open and low in the mouth, and the lips in a spread position.
  
• 
  [ɒ], as in fog /fɒg/, is produced in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue open and low in the mouth, and in a rounded position.
  
• 
  [ʌ], as in nut /nʌt/, is pronounced in the back part of the vocal tract, with the tongue half-open and the lips in an unrounded position.
  
• 
  [æ], as in man /mæn/, is articulated in the front part of the vocal tract, with the tongue half-open and the lips in a spread position.