MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION – VIETNAM NATIONAL MEKONG COMMTTEE
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM
FINDINGS FROM WETLANDS CLASSIFICATION AND
INVENTORY OF WETLANDS/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
IN THE MEKONG BASIN VIETNAM
HO CHI MINH CITY, 2003
1
MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION – VIETNAM NATIONAL MEKONG COMMTTEE
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM
FINDINGS FROM WETLANDS CLASSIFICATION AND
INVENTORY OF WETLANDS/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
IN THE MEKONG BASIN VIETNAM
PHAM TRONG THINH
HO CHI MINH CITY, 2003
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION 13
1.
WETLANDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA OF VIETNAM
14
1.1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MEKONG DELTA
14
1.2
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
14
1.3
HYDROLOGICAL CONDITION
15
1.3.1 Salt
control
works
15
1.3.2. Irrigation and drainage system
16
1.3.3 Flood
control
system
16
1.3.4 Water
quality
16
1.4
THE PRINCIPAL SOIL TYPES
17
1.4.1 Acid
sulfate
soil
18
1.4.2 Saline
soil
18
1.4.3 Alluvial soil group
18
1.4.4 Peat
soil
19
1.5
LAND USE STATUS IN MEKONG DELTA
19
1.6
DOMINANT VEGETATION
20
1.6.1 Mangrove forest
ecosystem
20
1.6.2 Melaleuca forest ecosystem
21
1.7
FAUNA 23
1.8.
VALUES OF WETLANDS
25
1.8.1. Economic values
25
1.8.2 Ecological values and function
25
1.9.
IMPORTANT WETLAND TYPES IN THE MEKONG DELTA
27
1.10
DISTURBANCES AND THREATS
28
2.
WETLAND RESEARCH, INVENTORY AND MANAGEMENT
30
2.1.
THE CONCEPT OF WETLANDS
30
3
2.2.
WETLAND INVENTORY
31
2.3
WETLAND CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING
32
2.4
SATELLITE IMAGERY, LAND-USE GIS AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
WHICH HAVE BEEN USED AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL FOR WETLANDS
RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT
35
3.
LAWS AND INSTITUTION FRAMWORK FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT
36
3.1
RELEVANT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS REFERRED TO WETLAND
CONSERVATION IN THE MEKONG BASIN VIETNAM
36
3.2.
NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF WETLANDS
38
3.3
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES
40
3.4.
REGIONAL AND PROVINCIAL INSTITUTIONS
42
3.5.
PROVINCIAL AND SITE LEVELS
46
3.6.
NONE GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
46
4.
IMPORTANT WETLAND SITES IN THE MEKONG DELTA
48
4.1.
U MINH THUONG NATIONAL PARK
48
4.2
TRAM CHIM NATIONAL PARK
49
4.3
LANG SEN NATURE RESERVE
50
4.4
THANH PHU NATURE RESERVE
50
4.5
TRA SU NATURE RESERVE
51
4.6
TINH DOI FOREST FISH ENTERPRISE
52
4.7
HA TIEN GRASS PLAINS
52
4.8
LUNG NGOC HOANG NATURE RESERVE
53
4.9. VO DOI NATURE RESERVE
54
5.
REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS, PAPERS ON WETLANDS IN
MEKONG BASIN OF VIETNAM 55
5.1.
NATIONAL WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS
56
5.2.
PROTECTING VIETNAM'S COASTAL WETLANDS
56
5.3.
FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INCEPTION STAGE OF
THE "WETLANDS APPROACH"
57
5.4.
LOWER MEKONG BASIN UNDP-GEF DRAFT PROJECT DOCUMENT
60
5.5
FIVE MILLION HECTARES REHABILITATION PROGRAM (5MHRP)
61
4
5.6.
SUMMARY OF LATEST DRAFT PAPER OF VIETNAM STRATEGY ON
WETLAND MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
61
5.7.
COASTAL WETLANDS PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT, SOUTHERN
MEKONG DELTA
63
5.8.
BIO-DIVERSITY ACTION PLAN OF VIETNAM (BAP)
63
5.9.
HIGH VALUABLE WETLANDS IN VIETNAM
65
5.10.
CONSERVATION OF IMPORTANT WETLANDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA,
VIETNAM 65
5.11
INVENTORY OF WETLANDS IN VIETNAM
65
5.12
CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND
CURRENT LAND USE STATUS
66
5.13
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND WETLAND PROTECTION IN
THE MEKONG DELTA
66
5.14
BRIEFING ON THE INLAND AND COASTAL FISHERY RESOURCES IN
THE MEKONG DELTA OF VIETNAM
67
5.15.
WETLAND CLASSIFYING AND MAPPING IN THE MEKONG DELTA,
VIETNAM 67
5.16
MAPPING OF WETLANDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA
67
5.17.
THE INFORMATION SHEET ON RAMSAR WETLANDS FOR THE TRAM
CHIM NATIONAL PARK
68
5.18
THE INVESTMENT PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF
TRAM CHIM WETLAND CRANE NATIONAL PARK
68
5.19
THE INVESTMENT PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF
THE THANH PHU ESTUARY RESERVE
68
5.20
THE INVESTMENT PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF
THE LUNG NGOC HOANG WETLAND RESERVE
69
5.21.
THE INVESTMENT PROJECT FOR REHABILITATION OF U MINH
THUONG NATIONAL PARK
70
5.22.
WETLAND CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING OF VIETNAM
70
5.23. RESTORATION OF WETLANDS IN TRAM CHIM NATURE RESERVE
71
5.24
STATUS, BIODIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE U MINH
WETLANDS 72
5.25.
THE DARWIN MELALEUCA WETLANDS PROJECT
72
5.26
MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE INLAND
WETLAND AREA IN THE MEKONG DELTA
73
5.27.
MULTI-TAXA BIOTIC INVENTORIES OF THREE UNPROTECTED
FORESTED ECOSYSTEMS IN VIETNAM
75
5
5.28.
SETTING SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION FOR PLANNING WETLAND
NATURE CONSERVATION IN VIETNAM
76
6.
CONCLUSION AND FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES
77
TABLES
Table 1. Some data of Mekong Basin In Vietnam
13
Table 2. Land use status in the Mekong river delta, in 1998
19
Table 3. Land use planning of the Mekong delta by 2010
20
ANNEXES
Annex
1. Wetland Classification for Wetland Mapping of Vietnam at scale of
1/1.000.000
Annex 2. Important wetland types according to the criteria of EP of MRCS
Annex 3. Identifying what agency has information on and/or active in working with
important wetland types
Annex 4. The Ramsar, biodiversity and conservation sites identified within the Mekong
Basin, Vietnam
Annex 5. List of participants in the National Meeting on Inventory of Wetlands/ Aquatic
Ecosystems on 3
rd
March 2003, Ho Chi Minh City
Annex 6. List of peoples contacted
FIGURES
Figure 1. Wetlands and People in the Mekong delta
Figure 2. Map of Wetlands in the Mekong delta, 2002
5
Figure 3. Variation of Mangrove area in the Mekong Delta since 1950-2002
20
Figure 4. Melaleuca swamp forest in the Mekong delta Vietnam
21
Figure 5. Values of Wetlands in the Delta
26
Figure 6. Threaten on wetlands in the delta
30
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We have met many people during the time to carry out our mission. They
contributed to conservation and sustainable uses of wetland in the Mekong delta
through their knowledge and experience. The names of many of these people appear
in annex 5 and 6. Some papers and documents of them are reviewed in this report;
we would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
Particularly, we would like to express our thanks to Mr. Hans Gutman, Mr. Chin
Samouth, Mr. Meng Monyrak in MRCS; Mr. Nguyen Hong Toan (VNMC
Secretary General), Mrs. Nguyen Thi Ky Nam (VNMC), Mr. Nguyen Chi Thanh (
Director of Sub-FIPI) for their valuable comment and support.
Our mission was fully funded by Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) in
Phnom Penh and we would also like to extend our sincere gratitude for MRSC
support.
7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Environment Program has a mission to promote co-operation and collaboration
among the member states in the use, conservation, management and maintenance of the
Mekong River Basin’s environmental assets and ecological balance.
The purpose of Component A2 of the Environment Program - People and Aquatic
Ecosystems is to provide timely information on trends and changes in the dynamics of
aquatic habitats to prevent or minimize harmful effects particularly on the rural poor who
are highly dependant on the Basin’s aquatic productivity.
A large proportion of the Lower Mekong Basin consists of permanent wetlands,
lakes and annually inundated areas, comprising several million hectares. They play
a vital role in the lives of the rural communities. The wetland generates important
products such as food, firewood, medicines, building materials and water. They also
perform valuable functions such as food control, nutrient retention, and recharge of
ground water, water purification and water transport.
In addition the wetlands have valuable ecosystem attributes such as unique
biological diversity and cultural heritage. Rural, low-income people have used and
depended on these wetlands for centuries. It is important to know the extent and
distribution of the wetlands, finalization of the inventory and take into account the
values, functions and product of wetlands as well as the social and economic
valuation.
In order to compile data on wetland/aquatic ecosystem with particular reference to
wetland importance, types, functions, values, ecology, threats and economic
valuation of wetland types, Mekong River Commission Secretariat and Vietnam
National Mekong Committee assigned Pham Trong Thinh, as a National Wetland
Expert (NWE), to carry out the task.
Main Duties and responsibilities of NWE are:
i.
To produce a review of existing information on wetlands in the country with
particular reference to wetlands within the Mekong River basin. The review
should incorporate:
•
Existing documents from both refereed journals and technical reports to
government departments and NGO’s. Wherever possible copies of these
reports should be obtained for inclusion in the MRC document center.
•
Satellite imagery, land-use GIS and aerial photographs which have been used
at the national level for wetlands research and management. Copies of
images should not be obtained but full identification details should be
provided.
•
Government agencies involved in wetlands activities and their roles
8
•
NGO’s and UN organizations conducting wetlands activities, particularly
activities on inventory, classification and valuation activities, with a list of the
organizations and the activities being conducted or planned by each.
•
A list of Ramsar, Biodiversity and conservation sites identified within the
MRB area of the country.
ii.
After discussion with relevant government agencies and other stakeholders,
to produce a draft list of the important wetland types that should be given
priority in inventory and valuation activities.
iii.
To collaborate with the International Wetland Expert to identify core data
required in wetlands inventories to facilitate the completion of inventory
activities
Draft reports of this compiling process have submitted to EP Coordinator and
wetland officer. On 3
rd
March 2003, Mekong River Commission Secretariat
organized the National meeting on inventory of Wetlands/Aquatic ecosystems in
Victory Hotel, Ho Chi Minh City to review the report.
This report is finalized on base of all comments of MRCS’s EP Co-coordinator and
wetland officer and national meeting.
Total area of Vietnam country is about 329,241 km
2
, the coastline unwinds about
3,260 km and the sea consists 1,000,000 km
2
. The Mekong Basin of Vietnam is about
73,255 km
2
that accommodates about 20 million people. In the wetland context,
Mekong delta is most important wetland region, It constitute 3,900,000 ha of the
southern tip of Vietnam. Specific climate of the delta is tropical monsoon. Physical
environment of the Mekong delta is strongly controlled hydrological regimes of
Mekong river and by tidal.
Since 1980s, series of state funded projects on water resource development have
been implemented in Dong Thap Muoi, Long Xuyen Quadrangle, and west of Hau
River bringing about new perspective for agricultural development. Water
resources development works in Mekong delta can be divided in to 3 main groups,
salt control works, irrigation and drainage system and flood control system.
The principal soil types in the Mekong Delta are acid sulfate soil (1,600,263 ha), alluvial
soils (1184857 ha), saline soil (744,547 ha), they are equally about 40.69%, 30%, and
(18.93%) total area of the delta, respectively.
In 1998, almost 94% of delta natural area has been utilized. Of which, 73.44% is
used for agriculture and aquaculture, 7% for forestry, 5.17% for special use, 2.59%
for residential purpose, unused land is 5.69%, and the rest is rivers and streams,
canals.
9
The Mekong delta consists a variety of natural landscapes, ranging from tidal flats,
sandy ridges and tidal back swamps in the coastal plains, estuaries at river mouths,
to river flood plains, broad depressions, peat swamps, alluvial levees and terraces
further inland. They are also fragile to the effects of development processes.
Mangrove and Melaleuca are the most important wetland ecosystems in the Mekong
delta.
The fauna of the delta includes 23 species of mammals, 386 species and subspecies of
birds, 35 species of reptiles, six species of amphibians and 260 fish species.
Wetlands are disturbed due to rapid growth in the human population, lacking of adequate
mechanism for integrated management, alien invasive species, un-sustainable use of
natural resources, limited resources and impact from upstream constructions.
Many domestic and overseas research institutions have conducted scientific
research on the wetlands, and have initiated projects for their exploitation and
utilization. However, no proper scientific base has ever been established for these
activities in term of wetland context, owing to the lack of satisfactory basic
inventories. Those inventories, which have been carried out were not sufficiently
comprehensive and did not take into account all field of wetland function and
values.
Since joining the Ramsar Convention in 1989, the Wetland Ramsar definition has been
officially used in Vietnam. Since 1990, under framework of the project” Inventory and
Management of Wetlands in the Lower Mekong Basin”, Vietnamese Wetland Team
applied wetland international classification (Ramsar, IUCN, MRC) to establish wetland
maps of the delta and of pilot areas.
Satellite imagery (Landsat, TM) some time have been used by Sub-FIPI and Care
international for inventory and monitoring Melaleuca and mangrove, It is
applicable on large scale survey. Other satellite photos (Eros-A pan; IKONOS XS;
IKONOS PAN, etc.,) are advertised, but they are still very expensive so cannot be
popular used in Vietnam.
Wetland conservation and management are under responsibility of Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Ministry of Resources and
Environment (MOSTE), Ministry of Fishery (MoF). There is no single entity in
charge of wetland management and conservation.
Several institutions have been doing research and study in wetlands are Sub-
Institute of Geography (SIG), Sub-Inst for Water Resources Planning (SIWRP),
Can Tho University; Institute of Tropical Biology (ITB), IUCN; Sub-FIPI; Sub-
NIAPP; RIA-2; SIWRP; SRHMC; UAF, Care International.
In the national meeting on inventory of wetlands/aquatic ecosystems, 3
rd
March
2003, in Victory Hotel, Ho Chi Minh City, 5 important wetland types were
reconfirmed. Those are (i) Seasonally/permanently freshwaters swamp (woodlands
10
or grasslands), (ii) Mangrove forests (coast or estuary), (iii) Rivers and canals, (iv)
Permanently/Temporarily flooded grasslands, (v) and Rice fields. What are
importance of each wetland type are recognized and presented in annex 2.
Ten wetland sites are very high values of biodiversity in the delta. They are Uminh
Thuong, Tram Chim and Mui Ca Mau national park; Lang Sen, Thanh Phu Nature
Reserve, Tra Su Nature Reserve, Tinh Doi Forest Fish Enterprise, Ha Tien Grass
Plains, Lung Ngoc Hoang Nature Reserve, and Vo Doi Nature Reserve. Major
information of each wetland site presented in this report
About 30 documents and papers are reviewed in this report. These materials
described physical features, environment, resources, management status, on going
programs or projects of wetland in Mekong delta Vietnam.
Follow up activities for inventory of wetland/aquatic ecosystem are (i) formulate
database of wetland on base of available information/data, (ii) classifying and
mapping of wetland with lasted remote sensing information, (iii) evaluation of the
values of flood, and (iv) appraisal for Tra Su study site.
Since 1990, Sub-FIPI used to a co-ordinator for wetland activities; sub-FIPI will
play this task for Environment Program of MRCS in the next period.
11
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
5MHRP
5 Million Hectares Rehabilitation Program
BDP
Basin Development Planning
CRES
Center For Resources and Environment Study
CTU
Can Tho University
DARD
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
DFMP
Department of Forest Management and Protection
DLA
Department for Land Administration.
DOSTE
Department of Science, Technology and Environment
DOSTE
Department of Science, Technology and Environment
DPI
Department of Planning and Investment
EP Environmental
Program
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
GO’s Government
Organizations
ICF
International Crane Foundation
IEBR
Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
MARD
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MD Mekong
delta
MoF Ministry
of
Fishery
MORE
Ministry of Resources and Environment
MOSTE
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
MRC
Mekong River Commission
MRCS
Mekong River Commission Secretariat
NEA
National Environment Agency
NGO’s Non-Government
Organizations
NP National
Park
NWT
National Working Team
R&D
Research and Development
RIA No.2
Research Institute of Aquaculture No.2
SFE
State Forest Enterprise
Sub-FIPI Sub-Institute
of
Forest Inventory and Planning
Sub-IWRMP
Sub-Institute of Water Resources Management and Planning
Sub-NIAPP Sub-National
Institute
of
Agriculture Planning and Projection
UAF
University of Agriculture and Forestry
UNDP
United Nation Development Program
VNMRC
Vietnam National Mekong River Committee
WB World
Bank
WUP Water
Utilisation
Planning
12
Figure 2. Map of Wetlands in Mekong delta Vietnam in 2002
13
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