Fishes of Marine Protected Areas Near La Jolla, California
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| Fishes of Marine Protected Areas Near La Jolla, California P. A. Hastings, 1 * M. T. Craig, 2 B. E. Erisman, 3 J. R. Hyde, 4 and H. J. Walker 1 1
Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0208 U.S.A. 2 Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110 U.S.A. 3 University of Texas, The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373 4 Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/NMFS, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Abstract.—The marine waters surrounding La Jolla, California have a diverse array of habitats and include several marine protected areas (MPAs). We compiled a list of the fish species occurring in the vicinity based on records of specimens archived in the Marine Vertebrate Collection (MVC) of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Collection of fishes from La Jolla in the MVC started in 1905, but greatly accelerated in 1944 when Carl L. Hubbs moved to SIO. By 1964, 90% of the 265 species recorded from the area had been collected and archived in the MVC. The fishes of La Jolla are dominated by species whose center of distribution is north of Point Conception (111 species), or between there and Punta Eugenia (96), with fewer species with southern distributions (57), and one exotic species. Reflecting the diversity of habitats in the area, soft-substrate species number 135, pelagic species 63, canyon-dwelling species 123 (including 35 rockfish species of the genus Sebastes), and hard-bottom species 140. We quantified the abundance of the latter group between 2002 and 2005 by counting visible fishes in transects along the rocky coastline of La Jolla, both within and adjacent to one of the region’s MPAs. In 500 transects, we counted over 90,000 fishes representing 51 species. The fish communities inside and outside of the MPA were similar and, typical of southern California kelp forests, numerically dominated by Blacksmith, Chromis punctipinnis (Pomacentridae), and Sen˜orita, Oxyjulis californica (Labridae). Natural history collections such as the MVC are important resources for conservation biology for determining the faunal composition of MPAs and surrounding habitats, and documenting both the disappearance and invasion of species. The coastal environment in and around La Jolla, San Diego County, California is notable for its complex and diverse array of habitats within a relatively small area. These include kelp forests, rocky reefs, rocky intertidal, sandy beaches, sand and mud subtidal areas, eelgrass and surf-grass stands, pier pilings, and submarine canyons, as well as the pelagic environment. Because of the proximity of the La Jolla and Scripps submarine canyons, depths range to over 500 meters within less than 7 km of the coastline. These diverse habitats support a rich marine community, which has served as the focus of a * Corresponding author: phastings@ucsd.edu Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 113(3), 2014, pp. 200–231 E Southern California Academy of Sciences, 2014 200 1 Hastings et al.: Fishes of La Jolla Published by OxyScholar, 2014 variety of scientific investigations (e.g., Limbaugh 1955; Quast 1968; Craig et al. 2004; Brueggeman 2008). The nearshore environment of La Jolla is especially important within the context of marine conservation because it houses a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) of varying size and age and with varying levels of use restrictions (Fig. 1). Historically, the first of these was the San Diego Marine Life Refuge established in 1957, which included the Scripps Coastal Reserve, a part of the University of California Natural Reserve system (McArdle 1997). Directly to the south is the San Diego-La Jolla Ecological Reserve (SDLJER), a small no-take reserve on the northern end of the La Jolla rocky coastline that was established in 1971. The San Diego-La Jolla Ecological Reserve Areas of Special Biological Significance was established in 1974 and largely overlapped the SDLJER (McArdle 1997). Recently the SDLJER was included in the Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve (CDFG 2013). In addition, the area on the southern part of the La Jolla peninsula was recently designated as the South La Jolla State Marine Reserve, and an area directly west of that was designated as the South La Jolla State Marine Conservation Area (CDFG 2013). These MPAs have a variety of use restrictions, but all recognize and seek to protect the biodiversity of this ecologically important region. This study documents the fish fauna in and around this series of marine protected areas. The primary source of information on fishes occurring in the La Jolla area was the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Marine Vertebrate Collection (MVC). The important roles of natural history collections such as the MVC to conservation biology have been widely documented (Allman 1994; Pyke and Ehrlich 2010; Drew 2011). These include compiling biotic inventories, documenting the loss or degradation of habitats and associated biota, documenting changes in the distribution and occurrence of native species, and documenting species invasions. In addition to compiling an inventory of fish species collected in the area and archived in the MVC, we report on diver surveys of the abundance and diversity of fishes in kelp forests, one of the most prominent habitats in the area, in and around the SDLJER (now the Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve) from 2002 to 2005. Brief History of Fish Collecting in the La Jolla Area The marine fishes of California have been studied for many decades and are well-known (Miller and Lea 1972, 1976; Hubbs et al. 1979; Love et al. 2005; Allen et al. 2006) with at least 519 species known from state waters (Horn et al. 2006). In addition to early collections of fishes from the San Diego area reported by Jordan and Gilbert (1880, 1881), the study of fishes in the San Diego region of southern California was begun in earnest with the Albatross surveys (Moring 1999) as reported by C.H. Gilbert (1890, 1896, 1915), as well as inventories by Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1890) and Eigenmann (1892). The establishment of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) in the San Diego region in 1903 and its subsequent move to La Jolla in 1905 marked a significant increase in the study of the region’s biota (Hastings and Rosenblatt 2003). The on-site aquarium displayed many of the common shallow-water fish species of the area. In 1918, Percy S. Barnhart (Fig. 2A) was appointed as Collector and Curator of the Aquarium, and in 1926, Barnhart was elevated to the position of Curator of the Biological Collections, a position he held until 1948. Barnhart studied the local fishes leading to a publication on the fishes of southern California (Barnhart 1936), and he assembled a small collection of preserved specimens from the region that ultimately formed the basis of the SIO Marine Vertebrate Collection (MVC). FISHES OF LA JOLLA 201 2
http://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol113/iss3/6 Knowledge of the ichthyofauna of the region greatly increased after 1944 when Carl L. Hubbs (Fig. 2B) moved to SIO and began actively archiving collections of fishes in the MVC. In negotiations regarding his forthcoming move from the University of Michigan to SIO, Hubbs wrote to then SIO Director Harald Sverdrup: ‘‘I would no doubt want to put considerable emphasis on systematic and variational studies of west coast marine fishes, particularly those in which speciation would be correlated with oceanographical (sic) conditions…I would no doubt be interested in exploratory work, for instance with the fauna of the deep basins off the southern California coast. I will probably be interested too in detailed analyses of the distribution of fishes along the entire west coast, again as correlated with the oceanographic conditions.’’ (Shor et al. 1987, pp. 226-227). Before his arrival in October 1944, Hubbs convinced Sverdrup to invest in facilities to store his anticipated collection of fishes, leading to the ultimate establishment of the Fig. 1.
Map of study area with MPAs designated. Kelp forest fishes were surveyed at La Jolla Cove and Boomers. 202 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 3 Hastings et al.: Fishes of La Jolla Published by OxyScholar, 2014
MVC (Shor et al. 1987). Hubbs wasted little time in collecting fishes from the surroundings of the SIO campus, amassing over 200 collections in his first year and over 500 by the end of the decade (Fig. 3). Hubbs had another California project in mind when considering the move to La Jolla. In 1944 he wrote to W. I. Follett in Oakland, with whom he had been corresponding for a decade:
‘‘I look forward particularly to cooperating with you in making better known the California fish fauna. I no doubt will have new material published from time to time on the systematics and biology of the fishes but will definitely hope that you will Fig. 2.
Photos of A) Percy S. Barnhart, 1935; B) Carl L. Hubbs, 1973; C) Richard H. Rosenblatt, 1979; D) a view of La Jolla Shores and La Jolla peninsula looking southward from the SIO campus, circa 1910 (arrow indicates small embayment at La Jolla Shores). All images are from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Library. FISHES OF LA JOLLA 203
4 Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113 [2014], Iss. 3, Art. 6 http://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol113/iss3/6 maintain your plan to work toward a ‘Fishes of California.’ It will be a pleasure to make records and other information available for your project.’’ (Shor et al. 1987, p. 227). That project was published shortly after Hubb’s death in 1979 (Hubbs et al. 1979). In 1958, Professor and Curator Richard H. Rosenblatt (Fig. 2C) was hired to oversee the growing collection of fishes at SIO. He and other researchers and students at SIO actively collected fishes in and around the La Jolla region. By the end of 1969, over 1,000 collections and well over 3,000 lots of fishes from La Jolla had been archived in the MVC (Fig. 3). Local collecting of fishes declined after that time due to diverging research interests, and constraints of space in the MVC for storage of specimens. Since that time, the MVC has archived specimens of fishes from the La Jolla region primarily when new or unusual specimens become available, specimens from focused efforts associated with faunal inventories of the area (e.g., Craig et al., 2004; Craig and Pondella, 2006), and voucher specimens for the growing MVC tissue collection, established by H.J. Walker in 1993 (Hastings and Burton, 2008). Materials and Methods We compiled a list of fishes recorded from La Jolla, California based on specimens collected and archived in the MVC of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego (Table 1). We included all species collected less than 10 km from shore (east of 117 u20.59 W longitude) and from Torrey Pines State Beach southward to Tourmaline Beach (32 u549 N - 32u489 N latitude). This area includes the entire rocky headland of La Jolla, as well as the primary conservation areas in the vicinity (Fig. 1). These include the San Diego-Scripps Coastal State Marine Conservation Area, the Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve, the South La Jolla State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area (CDFG 2013). Fig. 3.
Number of collections of fishes made within the study area and archived in the SIO Marine Vertebrate Collection by year (bars) and cumulative number of species recorded from those collections within the study area (line). 204
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 5 Hastings et al.: Fishes of La Jolla Published by OxyScholar, 2014 While some collections date to the early 1900s and a few were made in recent years, most were made between 1944 and 1969 (Fig. 3). Archived specimens were collected using a wide variety of sampling methods and were taken from the beach or ocean surface to depths of over 500 meters. Species are listed in Table 1 arranged in taxonomic order. Common names of families and species follow those recognized by the American Fisheries Society (Page et al. 2013). Brief information on habitat or habitats occupied and special occurrences is provided for each species. Habitat type was divided into three categories as follows: H 5 hard substrates, including rocky reef, rocky intertidal, kelp forest, sides of pier pilings, boulders or any other type of hard substrate; S 5 soft bottom, including sand, mud, eelgrass and surfgrass; P 5 pelagic, including species that always swim well above the bottom, as well as those that periodically or regularly swim several meters above the bottom. Also indicated in Table 1 are the species collected in the La Jolla and Scripps Canyons from . 30 meters depth (5 Cn), and the species observed in transects conducted in and adjacent to the SDLJER (5 Tr) between 2002 and 2005 (see below). Frequency of occurrence is based on the number of lots (occurrences) of each species that have been archived in the MVC that were collected within the designated area, regardless of the abundance of the species. Common (C) species are those represented by eleven or more collections, uncommon (U) species were collected in the study area from three to ten times, and rare (R) species were collected only once or twice in the La Jolla study area. In a few cases, species that are known by us or reported by others to be more common in the study area than indicated by collection records are indicated with an asterisk (*). The biogeographic distribution of each species was designated based on the mid-point of the entire known range of the species. Range endpoints are from Horn et al. (2006), supplemented as needed based on published distribution records (e.g., Love et al. 2005). Southern species (S) are those whose range midpoint is south of Punta Eugenia on the outer coast of Baja California (27 u509 N), northern species (N) have range midpoints north of Point Conception (34 u279 N), and central species (C) have range midpoints between these well-established biogeographic barriers (Brusca and Wallerstein 1979; Horn et al. 2006). Between 2002 and 2005, the abundance of fishes associated with kelp forests was visually surveyed at La Jolla Cove (within the SDLJER, now called the Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve) and an adjacent site (Boomers) a short distance beyond the reserve boundary (Fig. 1). Both sites have moderate relief rocky reefs (1-3 m high) scattered throughout the area and are dominated by red algal turf reefs and kelp forests (Parnell et al. 2005, 2006). Survey protocols were modeled after established techniques for assessing abundance and density of conspicuous fishes (McCormick and Choat 1987; Pondella et al. 2005). Randomly selected, quantitative belt transects were swum by two SCUBA divers for a period of 5 minutes over a distance of 50 m. All fishes (excluding pelagic species) observed within a two-meter window (i.e., one meter on either side of the diver and one meter above and below) along the transect were identified to species where possible, and the number of individuals was counted by each diver. If counts from the divers differed, the average was recorded. Each transect accounted for 100 m 2 of bottom area surveyed. Three replicate transects were conducted along rocky reef substrates at each of four depths (3 m, 6 m, 9 m, and 12 m) for a total of twelve transects at each site per survey period. Surveys were conducted every two months for a total of six periods per year between January 2002 and December 2005. At certain periods throughout the study, persistent foul weather prevented full surveys at each sample site, especially for the shallowest depth contours. However, at least six transects were conducted at every site during each sample period throughout the study except for July/August 2004 when continuous high surf precluded surveys at Boomers. FISHES OF LA JOLLA 205 6
http://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol113/iss3/6 Ta ble
1. List
of fishes
co llected
from La Jolla, Calif ornia,
and deposited in the
SIO Marine
V ertebra
te Colle
ction. Date
5 yea
r of fir st MV C rec ord
from study
area. Oc 5 freque ncy
of oc currenc e in MVC coll ections
from st udy area: C 5 commo n, 11 or mo re records; U 5 uncom mon,
3 to 10 rec ords;
R 5 rare , 1 to 2 records;
* indicates spe cies
known to be more comm
on in the st udy
area than
collec tion
rec ords
indica te (see text) . Habitat (Hab) cate
gories: H 5 har d bo ttom (reefs,
etc); P 5 pelagic; S 5 soft bottom
. ‘‘x’’
unde r C n and
Tr ind
icate, respec
tively, col
lection rec
ords for
La Jo lla or Scripps
Cany ons
at . 30 me ters
de pth,
and occurre
nce in kelp forest trans
ects in and around the
Mat lahuay
l State
Marin e Res erve (form
erly San
Diego -La
Jo lla
Ec ological
Res erve;
see Table
3). SE 5 southe rn latit ude en dpoint of range
(po sitive
and negative
valu es are nort h and sou th latit ude, respec
tively ); NE 5 northe
rn latitud
e endpoi
nt of range; mid 5 middle latit ude
of range.
Distribut ion
catego ries:
So 5 southern , range
mid point
sou th of Punta Euge
nia; Ce 5 ce ntral,
ran ge midpoin t betw
een Pun
ta Eugenia
and Poin
t Conceptio n; No
northe rn,
range midpoin
t nort
h of Poin t C onceptio n. Scien
tific name
Com mon
name Date
Oc Hab
Cn Tr SE NE mid
Dist Myxinif
ormes M yxinida e – hagfishe s Ep tatretus mcconn augh
eyi W isner & M cMillian, 1990 Shor
thead Hagf
ish 1954
U S x - 23 34 28.5 Ce Ep tatretus stoutii
(Lockington, 1878)
Pacific Hagf
ish 1948
C S x - 27 60 43.5 Kataloq: centers centers -> School Health Plan for Children on an Insulin Pump centers -> Insulin Pumps – Frequently Asked Questions What is a pump? Yüklə 335,86 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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