Garden Management, Education, Information & Training
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mean ± S.D; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.001 (compared to control). n = 6 in each group. Glucose (3 g/kg) was administered 30 minutes after drug administration (per orally). These new ndings were published in Plant Biology (Plant Biology 2013 15: 611-615), and this paper was covered by BBC, National Geographic, Smithsonian Magazine, National Geographic Kids News, Der Speigel (Germany), Deutschlandfunk (German Public Radio), BBC Focus Magazine, EOS/Scientic American/Psyche & Brain BELGIUM NEWS and a lot many other science platforms and web discussion sites. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 101 were not blue, but red uorescent. We characterized the blue uorescent constituent in grass reproductive structures as ferulic acid (FA). Fluorescence spectra of blue-emitting grass oral, seed extracts and isolated FA on excitation at 366 nm showed their emissions at 420- 460 nm. We propose these FA-based blue uorescence emissions in grass reproductive structures as visual cues that attract pollinators, predators and even pests towards them. (v) Estimation of L-dopa in Mucuna pruriens L-Dopa contents in 3 0 a c c e s s i o n s o f M u c u n a p r u r i e n s - Mucuna pruriens var. pruriens (21), Mucuna pruriens var. hirsuta (3), Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (5) and Mucuna p r u r i e n s v a r . thekkadiensis (1) were e s t i m a t e d u s i n g HPTLC-densitometry. (vi) Distribution of reserpine in Rauvola species from India - HPTLC and LC-MS studies Reserpine content in the roots of six Rauvola species viz., R. hookeri, R. micrantha, R. serpentina, R. tetraphylla, R. verticillata and R. vomitoria, were detected by HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS and estimated by HPTLC. Among the six Rauvola species, reserpine content was highest in the exotic species R. vomitoria (690.2 ng/g, dr. wt.), while among the ve Indian species the highest reserpine content was for R. tetraphylla (449.7 ng/g, dr. wt.). In the most common Indian Rauvola species, R. serpentina, the reserpine content was comparatively low (252.5 ng/g, dr. wt.). The endemic species R. micrantha possessed signicant quantity of reserpine (420.9 ng/g, dr. wt.), making it a potential source of reserpine, replacing R. serpentina and R. tetraphylla that are endangered due to over exploitation. The objective of the plan-funded project 'Chemical prospecting of aromatic plants of the Kerala region of Western Ghats' is to search for new essential oil sources and potential oil constituents from plants. Their bioactivities viz., antimicrobial, anti-inammatory, antioxidant activities and their potential for applications in avour and fragrance industries are also evaluated in this programme. Chemical proling of hitherto uninvestigated plants are given priority under this scheme. Chemosystematics based on volatile and avonoid proles has proven as an efcient supportive tool for plant systematics. Mucuna pruriens var. pruriens extract on HPTLC. Reserpine Fluorescence emissions on grass on grass oral parts Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 102 Essential oil analysis of genus Polyscias Genus Polyscias belongs to the family Araliaceae. They are glabrous trees or shrubs distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world. Polyscias licifolia leaves were collected and hydrodistilled. Oil yield: 0.15 ml oil with pale yellow colour, pleasant smell. GC-MS and GC-FID analyses of P. licifolia leaf oil showed 27 constituents of which 25 were identied (99.00%). The major constituents were γ-muurolene (49.47%), β- elemene (8.79%), falcarinole (Z) (6.08%), 7-epi-α- selinene (5.48%) and δ-amorphene (4.07%). P. balfouriana leaves were collected and hydrodistilled. Oil yield: 0.15 % v/w with pale yellow colour, pleasant smell. GC-MS and GC-FID analyses of the essential oil gave 35 constituents of which 27 were identied (98.87%). Major oil constituents were Z-β-farnasene (59.64%) δ- cadinene 26.39% and Z-falcarinol (6.01%). Studies on Piper species Essential oils of the leaves, fruits and roots of Piper 13 sarmentosum were analysed by GC and C NMR. The major compound from P. sarmentosum essential oil was isolated by column chromatography and identied as 13 myristicin by C NMR studies. Piper trichostachyon leaves and fruit essential oils were analysed by GC-MS. Metabolic proling of Piper nigrum, P. longum and P. chaba by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) DART-MS is an ambient ionization technique introduced recently that provides rapid analysis without sample preparation. Twenty four piperamides were detected in the fruits of Piper species studied. Piperine (m/z 286.1438) was present in the fruits of P. nigrum and P. chaba in high abundance, while pellitorine (m/z 224.2009) was the characteristic peak found in P. longum. Dipiperamide (m/z 571.2803) was identied in the fruits of P. nigrum and P. chaba but absent in P. longum fruits. Genetic conservation and chemical characterization of ethnobotanic insect repellent plant species of Andaman Islands. Zingiberaceae member, Hornstdentia fenzlii is used as bee repellent, and this property has been evaluated scientically. Behaviour bioassay through y-tube olfactometer bioassays proved the bee repellent activity of the plant and the aliphatic alcohol n-dodecanol has been identied as the major repellent molecule in the plant by GC-EAD analysis. a. Rauvola serpentina roots; b. +ESI BPC of R. serpentina root extract; c. MS/MS of reserpine in R. serpentina root extract; d. Reserpine; e. HPTLC of the root extracts of 1: R. hookeri, 2: R. micrantha, 3: R. serpentina, 4: R. tetraphylla, 5. R. verticillata, 6: R. vomitoria, 7. Reserpine standard. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 103 The mission of the division is to ensure excellence in ethno-medico- botanical survey, systematic documentation of Traditional Knowledge associated with biodiversity of Kerala State, protection of traditional knowledge associated with plants used for food and medicine under sui generis system and preparation of database. Ethnopharmacological studies mainly focussed on Traditional knowledge based preclinical drug discoveries which involves safety evaluation, in vitro / in vivo studies like activity guided fractionation, molecular pharmacology and elucidation of cellular / molecular mechanism as also preparation and standardisation of novel herbal remedies / nutraceuticals and other plant based products. Inter institutional collaborative research programmes, product development, technology transfer, commercialization and equitable benet sharing and implementation of extension / outreach programmes are also undertaken. Division of Ethnomedicine Ethnopharmacology Division of Ethnomedicine Ethnopharmacology Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute 104 Research Highlights and New Developments During the reporting period, the division implemented 4 externally funded projects (Department of AYUSH, WGDP, UGC and SMPB) and 7 in-house projects (KSCSTE). From the division 3 Ph Ds were awarded, 11 Ph D programmes are being pursued, 2 new Ph D programmes were initiated and 5 dissertation programmes conducted. Two of our Scientists, Dr PG Latha, Director and Dr SR Suja, Scientist B attended and presented a poster at t h the 13 International Congress of Society of Ethnopharmacology held at Karl-Franzens-University, nd Graz. Austria from 2 to 6th September, 2012. In the Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP), the ethanolic extract of Saraca asoca (Fabaceae), stem bark (SA) was found to be nontoxic upto 6400mg/kg in the sub acute toxicity (28 days) study. Hepatoprotective activity of SA against ethyl alcohol induced hepatotoxicity was studied in comparison with the standard drug silymarin and SA at 200mg/kg showed signicant hepatoprotective effect and this was supported by biochemical and histopathological analysis. Phytochemical analysis of Saraca asoca crude extract (SA) and different fractions – Hexane (H-SA), Chloroform (C-SA) and Ethanol (E-SA) was carried out. They were found to be rich in phytochemicals namely avonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, coumarins and proteins. The estimation of total phenolics, avonoids and tannins in H-SA, C-SA, E-SA and SA showed that the maximum concentration of these antioxidant compounds are present in SA compared to the fractions. The concentrations of total phenol, avonoids and tannins in SA were found to be 10.45± 0.24%, 0.46±0.64% and 42.53±2.11% respectively. The least concentration was obtained for the H-SA extract. The major compound in the crude ethanolic extract (SA) was found to be Catechin, and it is the active principle in the SA. The project was completed and report submitted to WGDP (Western Ghats Development Programme Cell). In the Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP), the ethanolic extract of Saraca asoca (Fabaceae), stem bark (SA) was found to be nontoxic upto 6400mg/kg in the sub acute toxicity (28 days) study. Hepatoprotective activity of SA against ethyl alcohol induced hepatotoxicity was studied in comparison with the standard drug silymarin and SA at 200mg/kg showed signicant hepatoprotective effect and this was supported by biochemical and histopathological analysis. Phytochemical analysis of Saraca asoca crude extract (SA) and different fractions – Hexane (H-SA), Chloroform (C-SA) and Ethanol (E-SA) was carried out. They found to be rich in phytochemicals namely avonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, coumarins and proteins. The estimation of total phenolics, avonoids and tannins in H-SA, C-SA, E-SA and SA showed that the maximum concentration of these antioxidant compounds are present in SA compared to the fractions. The concentrations of total phenols, avonoids and tannins Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wild th Dr P. G. Latha and Dr. S. R. Suja at the 13 International Congress of Society of Ethnopharmacology, Austria Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 105 in SA were found to be 10.45± 0.24%, 0.46±0.64% and 42.53±2.11% respectively. The least concentration was obtained for the H-SA extract. The major compound in the crude ethanolic extract (SA) was found to be Catechin, and it is the active principle in the SA. The project was completed and report submitted to WGDP (Western Ghats Development Programme Cell). In the UGC project entitled “Antihepatotoxic, Antioxidant and related Pharmacognostic Studies of Oxalis corniculata L.”, hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata L. (OC) (Oxalidaceae) against alcohol induced toxicity was studied in comparison with the standard drug Silymarin. The serum analysis showed that OC has the ability to minimize liver damage caused by the toxins and restore liver function to a reasonable extent. The extract at 100 mg/kg showed signicant hepatoprotective effect. Histopathological analysis supports the above claim and OC treated liver showed marked improvement in the liver architecture compared to alcohol control. Total antioxidant activity of O. corniculata ethanolic extract was estimated to be 110µg/ml. In the State Medicinal Plant Board (SMPB) project entitled 'Assessment of Medicinal Plant Resources in Seven Southern Districts of Kerala'during the year 2012- 13, a work plan was formulated in consultation with KFRI, Thrissur and State Medicinal Plant Board, Kerala. It included base line data collection, preparation of district wise directory of medicinal plants of all 14 districts of Kerala based on available data, eld data collected in the approved format, preparation of Passport script data based on eld data, inventory methodology for the estimation of growing stock of selected species, preparation of online data base and retrieval system and submission of periodical reports. The project will be implemented based on this work plan accordingly.During 2013-14,the check list of medicinal plants of Thiruvananthapuram district was completed along with the district wise directory of medicinal plants of Thiruvananthapuram district. The draft passport script data of medicinal plants of Thiruvananthapuram has been prepared and a full-edged inventory for estimation of growing stock of 39 Medicinal plants of Thiruvananthapuram district have been completed. As a part of in-house project entitled “Anti- inammatory, analgesic and anti-arthritic activity of two selected plants of the Western Ghats, Kerala”, the chronic toxicity study of the ethanolic extract of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Sprengel (Lecythidaceae) fruits (BR) was conducted, and it was found to be non- toxic upto 2500 mg/kg. The ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. (Acanthaceae) leaves (JG) showed a dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced vascular permeability. In the Xylene induced ear inammation studies, JG and BR showed a dose dependent inhibition of inammation. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the extracts of JG and BR showed maximum activity at 500µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml respectively. In the cotton pellet induced granuloma study conducted, JG showed a dose dependent inhibition of granuloma formation with maximum activity a. Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph & V Chandras) Venter; b. Holostemma ada-kodien R Br. ex Sehult. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 106 at 500mg/kg dose. The formalin induced arthritic study of JG and BR was completed. Both the extracts showed dose dependent activity that was comparable to the standard, Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The coded drug ENC showed signicant anti- inammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and wound healing effects. In acetic acid induced writhing studies, ENC (450 mg/kg) showed 85.24 ± 1.45% inhibition of writhing and the reference drug Aspirin (20 mg/kg) treated groups showed 79.53 ± 2.03% inhibition, when compared to control group. In Hot plate test in mice, the ENC (150 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg) showed signicant extension of latency time at 30 and 60 min respectively. In carrageenan induced paw oedema studies, ENC (150 mg/kg) signicantly reduced the inammation by 9 1 . 9 4 % w h e r e a s a s p i r i n t r e a t m e n t r e d u c e d inammation only up to 77.42% at 180 min. In the in-house project entitled, “Clinical trial of coded hepatoprotective herbal formulation in collaboration with OUSHADHI, Govt. of Kerala”, the chronic toxicity study of coded drug TBGO-1 (1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) was completed. The drug was found to be non-toxic upto 2000 mg/kg and was supported by biochemical studies of serum samples and histopathological analysis of the liver and kidney samples. The results of the GC-MS analysis of the herbal formulation TBGO-1 and the three ingredients was analyzed and major constituents identied. In the radioactivity assay carried out, TBGO-1 was found to be non-radioactive. HPTLC analysis of the coded ingredients procured from Oushadhi was carried out. The Prototype development of TBGO-1 for clinical trial is in progress at Oushadhi. The HPTLC analysis of the TBGO-1 formulations prepared in Oushadhi was carried out. Oushadhi conducted eld cultivation of one of the main ingredients of the coded drug during the reporting period. Identication and pharmacognostic studies of the same were carried out at JNTBGRI. The HPTLC analysis of samples procured from Oushadhi was completed. The monograph of coded drug was prepared. Standardization of protocol for drug was carried out in JNTBGRI and the standardization of the same at Oushadhi is in progress. In the in-house project entitled “Search for anti- diabetic/hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory and wound healing plants from traditional/ folklore medical information of Kerala”, the biochemical analysis of the serum parameters of D-Galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity study of the ethanolic extract of coded drug 222 was carried out. The serum parameters like SGOT, SAKP and serum bilirubin levels were signicantly reduced in 125 mg/kg treated group compared to the standard control silymarin conrming the hepatoprotective property of the extract. Percentage of total ash of coded drug 222 has been determined as 11.09%, acid insoluble ash as 0.40 % and water soluble ash as 3.53%. Alcohol soluble extractive of the coded drug 222 was determined as 1.6% and water soluble extractive as 3.2%. A provisional patent has been led. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies, Glucose Tolerance Test and mast cell degranulation study of the Neera syrup (samples received from NIIST, CSIR laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram) was carried out. In acute toxicity study, Neera syrup was found to be safe up to 16 ml/kg. The treatment with the syrup did not exhibit any lethality or toxic symptoms. The syrup at 5 ml/kg dose has signicant blood glucose lowering effect and it also exhibited signicant inhibition of mast cell degranulation. The ow density study of the coded drug 222 was completed. In paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity study, the ethanolic extract of coded drug 222(2) at 25 m g / kg a n d 5 0 m g / kg d o s es h a s s i g n i c a n t hepatoprotective activity. In immunomodulatory study of the coded drug 222 (1), drug dose 25, 50, 100 & 200 mg/kg did not show any signicant activity when compared to the control group. Radio activity assay of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 107 coded drug 222 samples was carried out. No detectable level of radio activity was found in the coded drug 222 samples. Aatoxin, Pesticide analysis and proling of the coded drug 222 have been carried out. There were no detectable levels of Aatoxin and pesticide residue. In the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic study, the coded drug 222-(2) KB (5 mg/kg) and 222-(2)-KB (10 mg/kg) showed signicant decrease in blood glucose levels and serum parameters such as SGPT, SGOT and SAKP levels, when compared to the standard control glibenclamide.The elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were also signicantly decreased in these groups. Under diabetic condition, there was a signicant elevation of Protein carbonyl content (PCO) and Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in the pancreatic tissue. But, 222 (2) KB extract (10 mg/kg) treated diabetic rats exhibited signicant decrease in their pancreatic PCO and AOPP levels compared to untreated diabetic rats. The leaf juice of Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith. Locally called Channakoova. It is used against ear ache by Muthuvan tribe of Munnar in the in-house project entitled “Ethnomedical survey and systematic documentation of traditional knowledge among the different tribal communities of Kerala – an in-depth study and preparation of database”, ethnomedical survey and systematic documentation of traditional knowledge among the Muthuvan and Hill Pulaya tribal communities of various settlements in Marayoor and Kanthalloor Grama panchayaths of Idukki district was completed during the year 2012-2013 and the study among the Mannan tribal community of Kumili and Kanchiyar Grama panchayaths, Urali tribal community of Kanchiyar Grama panchayath and Muthuvan tribal community of Munnar Grama panchayath of Idukki district had been completed during the year 2013-2014. A total of 194 knowledge providers were interviewed and 2100 ethnomedical information collected, of which, 1271 are single drug informations, 235 are combination drug informations and 594 are food plant informations. In total, 115 plant species are used as single drugs, 70 plant species are used in combination drugs and 73 plant species are used as food. In the in-house project entitled “Ethnobotanical survey in the coastal areas of three Southern Districts of Kerala , Traditional Knowledge related to coastal plants from traditional folk (Fisher folk, Vaidyas and other knowledge holders) were systematically documented. During the year 2012-2013, Ethnobotanical survey of Karimkulam and Kadinamkulam Gramapanchayaths of Thiruvananthapuram district were completed and the Fig: 1. Concentrations of the protein oxidation markers, Protein carbonyl content (PCO) and Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in the pancreas of Normal (NC), Diabetic (TC) and coded drug (222 (2) KB 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) treated (CD1 & CD2) Wistar rats. a. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith b. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennel Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 108 data gathered were analyzed. Ethnobotanical studies of coastal areas of Poovar, Chirayinkeezhu, Vettoor, Varkala, Edava Grama panchayaths and Vizhinjam, Kovalam, Thiruvallam and Veli Corporation wards of Thiruvananthapuram district were completed in 2013- 2014.A total of 901 information on 200 plant species used for various ethno-medico-botanical purposes by the local community including sher folk were collected. In the in-house project entitled “Evaluation of Platelet augmentation activity of selected medicinal plants of Western Ghats based on Traditional Knowledge”,the ethanolic extract of Pellionia heyneana (PHLE) (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) selected for the study, showed potent platelet augmentation activity in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Thrombocytopenic Rat Model. PHLE shows a maximum DPPH scavenging activity of 65.94% at 200µg/ml and IC of PHLE was 50 found to be 70µg/ml. The in vitro anti-lipid peroxidation studies proved the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging ability of the plant extract. PHLE reduced the lipid peroxidation in vitro induced by FeCl -AA in a 2 dose dependent manner with IC50 value of 79.37µg/ml. During the reporting period, the Progress report – Phase I (August 2010 – March 2012) of the project, in 3 volumes, along with 6 publications including 'Journal of Folk and Traditional Practices' (Inaugural issue) and the 'Students Handbook on Medicinal and Food Plants' was submitted to the Dept. of AYUSH. The video documentation of tribal medical practice from seven northern districts was carried out and a web based database on Traditional Knowledge on Food and Medicine in collaboration with C-DIT (a Govt. of Kerala undertaking) was developed. 3 IEC materials on Systematic documentation of Traditional Knowledge Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 109 related to plants used for Food, AYUSH and Indigenous Medicine was published. The ethanolic extract of Kaempferia rotunda L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome (KR) was fractionated with different solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone) and subjected to in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and in vivo wound healing experiments. In the wound healing experiments, the chloroform fraction showed signicant wound contraction and period of epithelialization (11.35± 0.56 days) in the excision wound model (p≤0.01) in comparison with the control (23. 78 ± 2.5 days) and other fraction treated groups. In the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the value obtained for chloroform fraction was almost signicant in comparison with the IC of ascorbic acid (12.22 ± 50 0.46mg/ml) (p≤0.05). Fractionation and purication of the chloroform extract residue by repeated column chromatography (CC) and/or re-crystallization technique gave a compound, 'Compound- A'. Its spectroscopic analysis and characterization is in progress. The ethanolic extract of P e l l i o n i a h e y n e a n a W e d d . (Urticaceae) leaves (PHLE) was found to be non toxic upto 2000mg/ kg dose in Swiss albino mice. In the in vitro antioxidant study, PHLE extract showed s i g n i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (59.12%) of murine hepatic microsomes at dose 200 µg/ml. In the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, PHLE treated animals showed signicant reduction in the serum enzyme parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, SAKP and serum bilirubin in comparison with the toxin treated group. PHLE (100-400 mg/kg) treated group showed almost Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 110 normal histological architecture in comparison with the toxin control treated group. PHLE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of the enzymes GSH and CAT and also showed a signicant reduction of the levels of MDA. PHLE showed signicant hepatoprotective effect in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity study. The PHLE treated animals showed signicant reduction in parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, SAKP and serum bilirubin in comparison with the toxin treated group. The results were substantiated by histopathological studies. The anti-inammatory activity of Arenga wightii (AW) was analyzed by Carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma in Wistar rats. The extracts showed signicant dose dependent inhibition of oedema and granuloma formation and the results were comparable to the standard drug Indomethacin (10mg/kg). In the analgesic studies (acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test), AW (250 mg/kg) showed signicant analgesic activity which is comparable to the standard Acetyl salicylic acid (100 mg/kg). The total phenolic content of A. wightii was determined as 41mg/g GAE and total condensed tannin was determined as 66 mg/g Catechin equivalent. In cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppressed animals, there was a signicant reduction in total WBC count and differential count. Morinda umbellata (MU) at 200 mg/kg dose increased the total leucocyte count and differential count signicantly in myelosuppressed rats after 14 days treatment. The effect of ethanolic extract of Schumannianthus virgatus (Roxb.)Rolfe (Marantaceae) rhizomes (SV) against carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, D-GalN (D- Galactosamine) and alcohol induced liver damage in Wistar rats was studied. SV (100 mg/kg, p.o.) showed a remarkable hepatoprotective activity against Carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, alcohol and D-GalN induced hepatotoxicity in liver tissues. Hepatotoxins (CCl paracetamol, alcohol and D-GalN) induced a 4, signicant rise in SGPT, SGOT, ALP and serum bilirubin and treatment of rats with different doses of plant extract (50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg) signicantly decreased the serum marker enzyme levels. The activity of the extract at dose of 100 mg/kg was comparable to the standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o). These results were supported by histopathological analysis. The acute, sub chronic and chronic toxicity studies of the methanol extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa Fig 2. Effect of Arenga wightii extract on carrageenan induced paw oedema in Wistar rats. NC (Normal Control), STD (Standard), AW1(AW 125mg/kg), AW2 (AW 250mg/kg), AW3 (AW500mg/kg) Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 111 Release of 5 books from JNTBGRI on Traditional Knowledge and Medicinal Plants by Hon'ble Chief Minister, Shri. Oommen Chandy on 13. 08. 2013. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 112 leaves (LS) were carried out in Wistar rats. The data obtained from the haematological analysis, serum analysis and histopathological examinations did not reveal any remarkable change, which shows the nontoxic nature of L. speciosa. LS (300 mg/kg) showed signicant anti-diabetic property, which was substantiated by biochemical and histopathological analysis. The ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa L. (BD) exhibited a signicant hepatoprotection against D- Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats, which is evident by a reduction in elevated levels of serum enzymes AST, ALP, ALT and gamma glutamyl transferase and decrease in TP, TB levels. In vitro antioxidant studies with ethanolic extract of Asystasia chelonoides leaves (AC) showed signicant free radical scavenging activity in DPPH and FRAP assay and IC values were calculated to be 300µg/ml 50 and 250µg/ml respectively. The hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Macrocybe gigantea (MG) was assessed using Acetaminophen and Carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity studies in Wistar rats. MG exhibited a signicant protective action of liver which is evident by a reduction in elevated levels of serum enzymes AST, ALP, ALT, serum bilirubin and cholesterol. Dr. V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai, former Executive Vice President, KSCSTE and Shri A. Shajahan, IAS, Special Secretary, Department of Higher Education, Govt. of Kerala receiving the books from Hon'ble Chief Minister, Shri Oommen Chandy on13. 08. 2013. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute JNTBGRI Annul Report 2012-’13 & 2013-’14 |